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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23'tfESTMAiN£rr!:ET 

WE&S;.7lt,  N.V.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


U.A 


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Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductlons  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


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D 
D 
D 

n 

□ 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
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Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

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□    Coloured  pages/ 
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n 


»/ 


n 


v/ 


n 


Pages  damaged/ 
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Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


] 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


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other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
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method: 


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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

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par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droits, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE  LIBRARY 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
BREllSH  COLUMBIA 


INTRODUCTION 


Study  of  Indian  Languages, 


i 


i 


WITH  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  SENTENCES  TO  BE  COLLECTED. 


By  J.   W.   POWELL. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING   OFFICE. 
1877. 


■i 


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,  BE  I'AKTICILVK  IX  HLI.IN<i  THIS  ULANK. 


{■vivr^)  >iYj  :-? 


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!//.  r.-t'^/JlHn  ,«: 


HliW 


rr/6e, 


Locality, ._ 

Recorded  by 


Date  of  Record, 


^''^^  ■-  ^^ 


INTRODUCTION 


Study  of  Indian  Languages, 


WITH   WORDS,  PHRASES,    AND   SENTENCES   'lO    (JE    COLLECTED. 


[n  M;nvli,  Wll,  tli«  Smitlisdiilnii  IiiHtttiitloii  publlKliPil  n  pnper  nntilli'il  "Tiistnirtions  for  rpsi-mvh  ri-lntlvo  to  tho  Ktlmolojrv  and  Plillolot'y  of 
Amcrii'ii,"  |irc|iiiri'(l  hy  Mr.  i  iKoiiiiiMimiis;  mm  oi^tuvo  pninphlctof 'iI  pnyi's,  dlvlilod  lnti>  two  piirts— tlii'  first  rclittliii;  toircnfrid  Etl'iioloiry,  lli(iw<-ond  to 
riilloloiry.  I'luU'r  IIk^  first  lioiid  Mr.  (ilhha  troiilcd  of  tin'  l\\ct<  that  k1\oiiIi1  lio  ol.Norvwl  and  tli"  matorial  collpctPil  rclallnir  to  "cninhi,''  ".-ipfriinpiis 
of  art."  iti'.,  Ar.,  "nami'S  of  trtlios."  "t^'oirnipliical  position,"  "nnmlicr."  "physical  constltiitlon."  "pictnrp  writ  hi'/',"  "ih-css,"  "food,"  '•(Ivvfllinir," 
"arts."  "tradi',"  "vcllu'ion."  "srovornnnait."  "social  Ulc,"  "war."  "incdicincs,"  "  llicratnri,"  "calendar  anil  astroinany,"  "history  and  aniiiinlllos." 
Under  tlic  licad  oi'  I'liilolo'.'y  he  •.'.'ivc  a  hricracconnt  ol'soinc  of  tin'  pi'iailiarillcs  of  the  lialian  lan'^Miirj'c's,  wiili  L'cncral  directions  lor  the  ln'st  niclliods 
of  col leetinir certain  words:  a  Niniple  and  practical  aiphahel;  and  a  i-oniparatlve  voeahnlary  In  Kniriisli,  Spanlsii.  Kri'nch.  and  t.atlii.  This  vocahnlary 
conlains '.ill  words.  The  wlniU' was  lollowed  hy  .VppendiN  .\,  "  l'liysie:il  character  of  the  Indian  races,  '  with  a  talail.'ited  statenn>nt  on  pnrtienlnrs  of 
Inquiry,  and  .\ppendlx  1!,  "Numeral  S.v.sfems."  The  jiaper  was  dlstrihnt<'il  widely  anion'r  the  missionaries,  riidlan  afrents,  travelers,  and  local 
collectors  In  Kthnolony,  and  lias  served  a  valnnhle  purpose,  rosnltinff  In  tiio  collections,  hy  various  piTsons,  of  a  iarirc  nuniher  of  vocahnlarles  coin- 
prlslnj;  all  «r  nearly  ail  of  the  lunifUaL'-es  and  dialects  of  the  rndian  trihes  of  the  t'nlted  Shitns  and  many  in  nrltish  America  anil  Mexico.  It  served 
also  I.)  direct  inquiry  in  the  several  hranehes  of  Kthnoprapliy,  of  which  it  tree's,  vesnitin!,'  In  the  collection  of  many  valuahle  notes  and  minor  papers 
on  this  snhjei't.  It  has  also  led  to  the  coUei'tlon  of  a  itreat  rnan.v  articles  illnstral  iUL'  the  Indietrles,  arts,  means  of  suhsislenef,  iVc,  found  anion!;  tho 
Indian  Irihcs.  II  has  in  fact  t'reatiy  sliniulaied  iiives|i^r;,ti,„i,  !.;ivinsr  wiser  direcllon  to  imiuiry,  and  the  results  have  ahnndaiitly  provcil  the  value  of 
the  "  Instructions"  ami  the  wisdom  of  lis  puhiicalion  ;  and  it  serves  to  mark  an  epoch  In  the  history  of  etliinwaphic  investiualii  ii  In  .Xmerlca.  The 
material  which  has  thus  heeii  acciniulaled  is  of  irreat  anmunt.  and  its  study  has  lei'  to  such  important  conclusions  that  it  is  deeini  d  wise  to  prepare 
a  ni'w  system  of  inslruclion.  more  comprehensive  in  plan  and  more  elaliorate  In  ilelail.     I'Mrst,  it  is  found  necessary  to  eniarjje  ll'e  alidiahet  so  as  to 

include  a  Ki'eater  numlier  of  sounds,  which  havti  iieen  discovered  in  the  N'orlh  American  lansruinres.  and  to  marit  oil letters  with  !.'reat'>r  precision. 

Second,  it  Is  necessary  to  enliii-iic  the  voenhulary  ho  as  to  modily  it  somewiial,  as  experience  has  diciated,  so  lliat  new  words  nia.v  he  collecleil.  Tliird. 
it  Is  deslrahie  lliat  many  simple  plira.ses  and  sentences  sliould  he  L'iven-so  cliosen  as  to  hriu',;  out  tin!  more  Important  characteristics  of  urammatlo 
structure. 

In  Mythoioiiy  so  much  has  already  heim  done  tiiat  II  is  possihie  to  eoiistrucl  an  oulline  of  Xortli  Ainerlcan  niytholo!.'y  and  to  aive  many  of  Its 
importani  characleristics,  .Mueii  liii-s  also  heeii  dis<:overed  in  the  social  and  lioveruniontal  or.;anizaIiou  of  the  Indian  trihes.  Tills  hrancli  of  Inves- 
tiKUtiou  lia.'i  hceii  carried  on  to  sueli  an  extent  that  many  inlerestinn  conclusions  have  lieen  re.udn'd,  especially  l;y  .Mr.  f.Kwcs  If,  Mi>itf;.\y,  and  the 
Kuh.ject  has  heen  placed  on  a  new  and  scieiititlc  hasis.  In  liiie  manner  an  advareeil  stasre  of  study  has  heeii  reached  in  all  tiie  other  hranehej-  of 
etliiio«raiililc  iiivestiiialion,  and  Ihal  proper  advancement  may  he  made  in  tiie  fuliirc,  hy  takiiii;  adviinuisse  of  what  has  heen  done  in  the  past,  it  is 
proposed  to  imhlisli  a  "  Maiinal  of  Xorth  American  Ktliiioj;rapliy,"  wliluli  will  <-'ive  a  lirief  outline  of  llie  snbjecl  In  its  several  departments,  with 
Instrnelions  am',  hiiils  to  the  slndenl. 

The  present  paper  is  to  he  one  of  tlie  chapters  in  this  manual.  In  Us  preparation,  the  al|ihahel  was  con-.idcreil  to  he  of  prime  ini)'oi'laiice,  .M'ter 
devotiiifr  much  lime  to  the  consideration  of  the  suh.iect,  and  the  examination  of  many  aliihahcis  devised  liy  .selioiai'.s  and  linnuisls,  none  was  found 
against  which  lliere  was  not  serious  ohji'ct Ions,  and  the  author  attempted  to  devise  an  aiphahel  whicli  would  eontaiii  all  the  supposed  requlreiuents  ; 
hut,  there  were  many  dlfflculties  In  the  way,  and  many  compromises  to  lie  made  iii  wei^liln!,'  the  various  considerations,  ,Vt  this  stai^e  of  the  work 
he  applied  to  the  eminent  philoloKlst,  Pi'ofossor  \V.  D.  \VmrN-|';Y,  for  usslstiincc.  .Vl'ter  inpcii  consultutlon  and  tlie  weljrhlnii,'  of  the  many  eonslder- 
ntioiis  arislnsr  from  the  large  amount  of  manuscript  material  In  the  authors  hands,  Professor  Wm  r.vi'iv  kindly  prepared  the  followlnu  paper 

OX  THE  ALPHABET. 

Ill  dealluKwith  a  new  Indian  limguiiKc  In  apnictlcal  way,  oneof  tho  tlrst  thinsa  to  ho  done  will  naturnlly  bo  to  rtPtermlne  how  It  shall  be 
written  down;  what  sounds  it  has,  and  what  cliaractors  BhiiU  l>e  used  to  represent  them. 

This  Is  hy  no  lupans  an  easy  matter.  It  is  always  hard  to  understand  the  sounds  of  an  unfamiliar  lauLOiau'C  so  thorouahiy  as  to  he  able  to  repro- 
duce them  Willi  accuracy.    Moreover,  no  two  languaKes  are  made  up  of  precisely  the  same  sounds.    F.very  Indian  touifue  will  he  found  to  contain 


I  NTl:i/lil(T|()N  . 


kIiiiI'Ii' miiiikI'-,  or  I'MiiiMiiMliiiii'' nr  >'iiiiij'l>.  » iili'li  iir>'  iiukriowu  lij  l.iiuH'-li,  »iiil  i>l  ulilrh  ilji'  pi  riilliii'ltli'h  iiiiiy  lif  IimjiI  In  M|i|Mri'iiil<'  iiihI  Mi  "■rilln'. 
I,iiiivi-<'iiiilliiiii'il  iiri|ii:iiiiliiiM'i'  Willi  II  liiii'.'iniui'  iilwuys  »liii»>  iiii  iilinTvrr  In  Imvr  Iiimh  midi'i'  nr  Iihh  In  llii'  wiiiiitf  In  liis  Mist  lilriis  uf  Us  |>liiiiii>liik.'.v  ur 
M)iiiii|->,vi-ti'iii,    'I'll'  II,  I  III'  Kiiulloli  iiI|iIimIii'I  Ii-  nil  liri'M'ii  Illy,  mill  viry  iiiinli  I'linl'iivril  In  il»  iikiiui'k.  mi  tliiil  oih'  I^  piiz/l'il  iis  to  Iniw  liv  «liiill  lu'-I  iiilii|it 

II  In  II  piTM'iil  liny  i>tniiii.'r  liiiiKin'  I"  wlili'li  In'  \vl-tii'K  In  ii|i|ily  II. 

Tlii'i'i'  Ik  iiiiiilixoliiti'  wiiy  nil  I  III'  llii'M'  ilillli'iilHi'H.  Till  y  run  n'l'y  l>i'  llu'litiiiiil.  mil  unl  rlil  nf  iillnui'llii'i'.  Tin'  liiiiihinii'iiliil  riilr  tnr  ili'iilliik'  with 
llii'in  It-  lliul  I'Vi'i'y  iiliMTViT  111-  iiH  ciii'i'l'iil  iiT.  iiiifHllili',  mill  iilwiiys  rniisNH'iil  Willi  liiiiiM'll  in  lln'  n-i'  m  wlinli'Vii'  »y-.nni  In'  niiiy  inlnpl ;  IiiUini;  |iiiln« 
iiIhii  III  cxiiliiln  111-  wi'll  iiM  III'  •■1111  wliiil  111'  Inli'iiil"  liy  llii'  kIuiih  lir  \i>"h. 

Hill  ^iiiiii'  wii>  s  III'  iiwlntj  fill'  I'iiiKHi'li  Ii*Mi'i>  iii'i'  111  iii'li  pri'l'i'i'iilili'  In  iitliiT'-,  I  mill  in  tlii'insi'iv  I's  tinil  In  r.iiiM*  uI  Ihi'lr  ai'i'iii'iliini'i'  \\  nil  \\'ii\  •-  iilri'iiil\' 
ailopli'il  >i\'  riilli-i'l'ii'K  mill  ki'IiiiIiii'k;  miil  11  W  M'i'y  iIi-kIi'iiMi'  Pi  Mi;.';/i'nl  ii  ifi'in-riil  iilpliiilii'l  I'nr  riilli'rtnrN.  wlilrli  tln'\'  sliiili  Ih'  I'lninsi'li'il  In  li'iirii  tn 
iinili'i'i'imiil  mill  iim  ,     .mhI  ^tnri'  iiiiN  nni'  h  izi'i'iitl>'  lii'lpi'il  in  miuly/iim  inn  I  iinlini:  lln'  ^hiiiiiIh  nl  ii  sli'iint^i'  liiiiuniii^i'  li,\  liiivlin;  piiid  ii  llttli'  iilti'iitinii 

III  Mil'  i;i'ni'iiil  »yhli'iii  nl  llii'  nlpliiilii'l,  mill  llii'  I'i'liilinn  nl  III!'  nrillniiiy  miiiiiiI>  In  niii'  iinnllii'i'.  II  if  prnpn-iil.  insli'inl  iilnn  ri'ly  si'llinu  up  mi  iilpliiilii't. 
In  uIm'  iilniiK  w  nil  II  Minii'  VI  i'.\  ilinpli'  mill  rli'iiiiiitiii'y  ex  pin  mil  Inns  iil'  ilie  miuiiiIm  linti'il,  nr  lintlmi!'  nl'  |>liniin|ii<.'y;  Inivint:  In  view  I'Fipi'riiilly  the 
Miiinilh-  nj  ilii-  I'jit'lKli  lmiunii^;i'. 

\'llW'l',l,S, 

'I'tii-  Miwi'l  Miiiiiils  u  lili'li  iii'i'  Iniiiiil  ninsl  w  tili'lv  miinni:  liiiinan  liiiit^iiiiui's  iii'i-  tin'  IIm'  n'-riiri'lim  In  tlir>i-  Mnullsli  wni'iU: 

(iii\  Hit  If,  I'ti/'"'.  n'tf' ,  rut, . 

I'^iirli  nC  I  lii'si'  Mini  iiiIm  K  ri'pri'Hi'ii  I  I'll  In  {''.imllsli  liy  n  niinilirr  nl'  li'lti'i's  nr  riiinlilinillnin-  nl'  li>tti'i'>,  trniii  twn  up  In  a  iln/i  in  nr  sn.  IM>  prnpiii-i'il  to  tnki' 
fur  llii'lr  "ImiN  llin  viiM'i'I-IiIIi'I'h  liy  which  lhi'.\  mi'  wrllli'ii  In  I  In'  wmils  alinvi'  nlvmi;  nmiii'ly, 


II 

fi  II- 


II,,- 


i-„l,- 


Tlii'  I'liiMiii  U  lliiil  Ihi's*'  Hri'  till'  i-luiiM  whii'h  niliilnitlly  liinl  l.hi'  live  viilui's  In  i|iii'»(liili,  ami  whIrU  hiivn  tlnmi  still  In  must  lant!UHt.'i's  nnlslili'  nl' 
KiiLtllNli  tnr  I'xaniplr,  in  lliillan  mill  I  ii'iinan,  iiiiil,  lo-  iiiillnniil.> ,  in  I  riiiili.  Tliry  mi'  '„'i'ni'i'iilly  ralli'il  tin'  "I'linlliU'iilal "  slirns.  as  lii'iim  sn  nsml  in 
all  I'iiiini Ni'i'iil  llii'  llrliish  Isli's. 

.Mi.\  uIm'Ii  viiwi'l-Miiiiiil  is  apt  In  III'  Inn  ml  In  till'  '■ami'  la  in.:  nam'  Inivim:  I  wn  illU'i'i'i'iit  ipimititli's.  niii'  IniiL'  ami  niii'  slmrt.    i  it'Ii'ii  tlii'ri'  is  alsnii 

siluhl  illtlrii'i I  ipiailt.N  nr  Iniii' iiilili'il  In  tinil  i<l  i|iiaiillty.    This  illHrnn I  Inin' lirl  wnnii  llii'  iiiiiu  mill  shnrl  valni's  III' wlial   Is  nearly  the  siinir 

sniiml  Is  iirrali'r  111  I'iiiK'llsli  tliiiii  III  ulninsl  any  iillirr  liiiiuiiiiKr.  Tin'  i  nrrrspinnllin:  slmrlcr  siniinl  In  llin  IniiK  /•  nl'  lln-ii  is  tlin  sniinil  In  Ihi-i,  nr  hi-ml ; 
till'  sliiirl  sniinil  {I,  I,,,/,!,-  In  IIiiiI  In  iji,-k :  tin'  nIioii  Hniiiiil  In  i;il,-  Is  Hint  In  i„ill.  Hill  tlii'  Kn^lish  hiiM  no  real  short  i/,  cxirpt  In  the  "  Vanki'f  "  prniuin- 
rliillnii  111  11  li'W  \v  III'I  Is  llUi'  I, ,,,„,-,  trltiih-,  i,i,i,i-,  Nnr  lias  11  ii  ri'iil  shnrl  son  ml  riirri-spninlliiM  tn  tlin  i/  nf /i/i*  miil  /i,th,-,- :  tlir  sisnilii'il  "short  ,,"  ,if  n„l  aiul 
,t'li,,l  mill  Ihi'lr  lIUi'  Is  iiir  iii'iirrNl  iipprniirh  tn  It,  ami  nrar  I'lniimh  In  I  mar  lii'lii;;  ralti'il  a  short  ,i. 

Till'  nsiiiil  way,  all  ovi'r  thr  wnrlil.  In  illstliiKiilsh  tlin  loin.'  ami  slmrt  valncs  ot  vowels  Is  In  writ i'  a  horl/nnlal  mark  itln-  "niarrnn  "  ovrr  thn  loiitf 
\ii\mI,  Mini  II  I'li'srinl  Mill'  "liri'M'")  inir  till'  slmrt.    Tims  wr  11 1  It'll  t  si'.'iiit'y  till'  II  \i'  short  vnwi'ls,  tnaliil  nlalinvf.  In  this  iniinni'r: 


i( 

1-1,111 


i 

,,„-k 


li 
"■/lii/r 


ll 


Thr  I'flatlniis  III'  i|iiiiiilil.\  HIT  sn  illll'i'i'i'iil  III  illUnrrnl  lmn.'iiin.'i's  thai  it  may  hi'  lust  h'I'l,  prolnihly.  In  lhi<  jniluiiirnt  nl'  thr  cnlli'i'lor  whelhiM'  \w 
■'.III  mark  thr  Inim  Milnis  nt  thr  vnwils  with  tlii>  i„iii-i-iii,,  or  Ihi'  short  with  tin'  I,,;  i;\-  to  ilo  lioth  woniil  (.'I'lirriilly  hr  ni'i'illi'ss.  I'lilrss,  linli'i'il  nis  is 
till'  riiHi'  in  soiiii'  Imlliin  liin|.'iiii|.'i's  ,  ilinrr  In'  llirni'  cniilns  ori|iiiinllly  to  illstinu'iilsh.ii  lirinvii  out  or  a  prntriicU-il  Uniti,  h  inoillniii  or  ordinary  lnn«,  mnl 
a  slmrt ;  in  I  tin  I  riisr  Imth  sli^iis  wonlii  ha  vi-  lo  In-  iisnl,  till-  mi'ilinni  ipimillty  onl>'  In 'In;:  It't't  iinintirknil. 

Thfii  llirri'  mi'  lli.ii'  olhcr  sinipir  viiwil-sonnils  in  I'inniish,  lor  wliiih  II  Is  not  so  easy  to  prnviUc  tlii'  most  appropriato  ami  lUToptalilr  sl|;ns. 

I  nil'  oi  lliesi'  is  lite  son  In  I  ill  Kif'i',  ,iiii//tl,  'ill.  In,-,  I,  anil  sn  on.  1 1  Is  a  toiii'  iiitt'i'ini'illati'  lirlwi'i'ii  tlu'  ti  nl'./'i/r  ami  tin'  n  uf  ii'itr,  ami  the  d-sntiiiil  t)t'  i,i,t 
nl  ,,  l„il  enines  Jiist  iiliont  lis  Ileal'  In  lieiiiK  its  I'lirrespnmlim.:  short  lis  In  hi'liiM  liiat  of  11  i/o/').     It  miiy  he  as  Weil  writti'ti  hy  ti  as  liy  an>'  ntlier  siyii,  ami 

this  is  its  propnsl'll  I'epi'esenLllllM'. 

Till'  seenml  is  the  soLinti  in  I'll/,  iient,  ami  sn  nil,  llii'  one  w  liieli  we  usniiiiy  I'll  I  i  "siinrt  I/,"  nr  "tint  n  ";  it  is  an  iiiterineiilate  laitween  ,i  lol' /(/*■•  aiul  e 
{iti  lfi,;,i>.    This  It  is  proposeil  lo  wrlle  ir  i  uiimi.N  Inllnw  inu  the  (u't'iiimi  lash  inn  i. 

Till' llilril  Is  the  sniiiul  wlilrh  we  iiiivi' In  wnriis  like //«/,  .smi, /i/'im/.  It  is  nl'len  I'lilieil  the  "neiilrat  vnwi'i,"  heeaiiso  in  its  utteraiiee  Ihe  nr^ans  of 
the  inniitii  are  iiemly  in  the  Inihllnlle  pn-^iilon  ol  simple  lirealhiiiK.  II  Is  nearly  like  the  (ierinan  „  and  the  l''reiieli  eii,  hut  not  the  same  with  either. 
.Vk  it  is  I'alled  liy  lis    "siiorl  ii,     and,  to  one  aeeiislnnieii  to  KniiiiHli,  seems  mosi  iialnriilly  represented  liy  a  ii,  the  slnn  li  has  heeii  here  ad<i|ited  lor  It. 


'I'he  peellilar  Milllnl  nl   the  I'l'illeh  I,  In  ti,,  I 


nil,-,',  imif,  ell 


111  the  lierinmi  »  in  kiilil,  Ai/*«e«,  etc.,  will,  whenever  Inuiid,  he  hest  written  with  liio 


ileriniui  sIk n  ii.     It  is  nuide  hy  a  enmhiniiliiai  ol  the  toin:ne-|iosilinii  li\  wliieli  >  ipli|Uei  is  iittvi'ed  with  the  ll|i-posltion  hy  whieh  u   rtilei  is  littered. 
We  have,  then,  tiie  tniir  adiiillnnai  vnwels- 


hut 


'kiilil  iiidr 


I'lieli  Inin;  ami  shnrl  Miines  niiiy  he  illstinixnisiied  hy  the  same  added  marks  iih  those  of  the  other  vowels,  If  It  should  he  neeessary  to  do  sn. 
\\  hat  wi'  eiill  the  "  lontt  i"  of  tiulr,  i,v/r,  ele.,  is  really  a  eninponml  si  mini,  a  dlphthnni;,  lieKlnniii):  with  ,i  ifni-,  mid  rnnnliii:  dnwn  and  ending 
villi  I  i/nV/ni  oryiii'Ai.     II  In,  therefore,  to  he  written  witli  in. 

',,,1,  ete.,  is  in  a  pteeisely  slniihir  nianiier  a  i'liinpnnnd,  liei:inniii^  with  n    /'lO'i  and  rniinini:  dnwn  tn  „  irr/c  uv  /titlj.    It  is 


TI 


iinmi  in  /i<< 


iieenrdiiii:ly  lo  la*  represented  li.v  ,u,. 

If  Niieh  a  dlphthoiiiC  as  nin^s  in  li,iil  nl  (mi/  is  met  with  it  miiHl  of  enurse  he  represented  hy  Hi,  the  siiiiis  for  Its  two  parts. 


W  lull  weeall  "ionu  a,"  a.'*  in  "■■'i',  / 


line,  laiM',  /I'll 


i/,  I'll',,  Is  elearly  a  douhle  soiin.l,  preelsiiy  that  of  iimi,  mid  ean  never  he  written  with  one  eliar- 


Heter  In  any  plioneiie  iilphahet  ;  lis  proper  representative  Isi/ii. 
We  have,  then,  liiniliy,  the  dlphtliniiit.H— 


The  misal  vowels  will  he  spoken  of  further  on 


</(( 


ih' 


ituu-ii  Imil. 


The  sehenie  nf  representiitln»i  nf  vowel  snumls  thus  drawn  lUit  is  hellesi'd  lo  he  as  sriMid  as  mi>'  that  Is  attainahie  without  deparlinjr  tiw  far  front 
I'liiKllsh  nsanes,  nr  hrliiK^nji:  tn  striinne  and  ennipilented  sl'.;ns,  fur  whieh  t.vpes  are  tint  to  he  found  in  oriUnary  printing  ofHees.  It  will,  nf  enurse,  si^ein 
a  little  straime  at  llrsl  tn  one  aeeiisloined  In  Knsilsh  ways;  tint  there  must  lie  a  ennsistenl  system  followed,  ami  that  exeludes  the  aoeeptanee  iff 
Knclish  ways.  .\  little  earcl'nl  praetlee  will  jiive  ready  eoininand  of  the  si'lieine  nf  sluns.  It  Is  proposed  as  a  hasls,  a  nnnlel  whieh  Is  to  he  adhered  to 
as  elosel>  as  elreinnslanees  siiaii  nllnw  ,  in  represent  I  le^  the  strange  sounds  that  may  he  met  with  in  praetiee.  Its  use  will  not  take  awa.v  the  necessity 
of  eareful  deseriplinn,  imr  will  il  answer  ail  purposes.  A  laiiKUaKi'  may,  for  e.xamtiU'  like  Kr«'neh  and  (iern.ani,  distinuuish  two  c-snuiids,  a  elnser 
(Kreiieli  i»i  and  mi  npeiier  il'reneli  •"  or  (  .  aUln  respeetively  with  our*  .ll,i-ii.  and  tlhiiii,  hut  not,  like  these,  difTerlni:  in  iiualitity.  as  Iouk  and  short. 
Ill  stioli  11  eiiMe  H  will  he  la'sl  to  use  i»  lor  the  npuiitir  soimd ;  and  we  may  aUo  iieeil  an  li  for  an  opener  d,  and  even  an  ( for  an  opener  i  'akin  with  our 
sliorl  1  of  jai'A  '.     And  there  may  he  varlelles  of  the  "  neutral  viiViel  "  for  wUleh  the  Oi'rinan  ii  will  ho  a  iHinvtinlent  siitn. 


N  ri;()i)U(' Tiu.N , 


5 


,;  Willi 

:  piilii- 
airiiily 

iMlll  111 

trillion 
|ilml"t, 
iilly  the 


I  ii>  iiikf 


(iiitsliieof 
so  viso(\  In 

,.,,  is  also  a 
,•  tlie  siinii' 
.,1  or  hi'nl; 
.  •■  iironun- 
•  ,,i)i..r  iiiHl 

,.,.  ihi'ioim 


wlH'llo'i'  lie 
liuloril  uis  Is 

ry  loiitf,  iiii'l 

lie  signs, 
l-souiul  of  llllt 
.]•  KlKll,  »'»' 

■„,■'  iiml  e 

I  lie  orsiansof 
Willi  ettUor. 
iloliti'il  ">'■  "• 
lU'ii  Willi  tlie 
IH  uUfiea. 


to  llo  SO. 

■n  iiiul  .'niUiiK 
,,i/h"i.    lO" 

Willi  oiicplinr- 


ing  to<-  fill'  fi'""" 
>r  coiiisi',  sii'in 
u'  iU'ieptiiiH-c  i)f 
t,i  tuMiiUu'ii'il  to 
„y  thonece.sslty 
-Miiiiuls.  II  closer 
loun  1111*'  short, 
i  iikln  with  our 


t  '0NM<J!iA»TM. 

.Vnioii;;  the  coiisoMiiiits  we  will  tlrsl  tiike  up  some  of  those  as  to  whose  nioilc  of  reiiri'sciiliitloii  there  I'a'i  lie  no  <|iii'stloii  whiili  ver. 
There  are,  fur  example,  the  three  siKealleil  "  iiiiiii's,"  yj,  I,  mul  k;  these  signs  hi'loin!  to  the  souiiils  instmieeil  lielow  : 

))  t  k 

lniiji  Irtil  rir,(k. 

The  liisl  e.xainple  shows  Ihiil,  we  iisr  r  as  well  as  k  with  this  value ;  thai  nnist.  of  eiiurse,  he  avoided  In  a  Nystemalle  iilphaliet. 

The  Mind  /,  of  oilier  lanunaKes  often  lUi  not  preelsely  a«ree  In  itharaeter  with  ours:  one  should  hi'  on  the  lookxait  lii'reias,  Imleed,  everywhere 
else,  for  dlllerenees,  and  should  note  and  desirlliii  llieni,  If  possllile. 

of  these  three.  tlie;<  Is  eallc'd  ii  "  laliliil  "  inute.  Iiecaiise  iiiacle  wllli  the  lips;  the  Ml  '■  liiurual"  lor  "dei\tnl  "  i.  Iieeause  made  wlili  the  tiiiiuu<<-lip 
(and  near  the  leellu,  the  A  a  "palatal"  or  "Killterui,"  heeause  made  liitahist  the  palate,  or  near  the  throat,  with  the  liaek  part  <if  the  loiuiue. 


Then  the.  e  are  three  other  mules,  ulosely  related  with  these;  they  and  I  heir  examples  are  these; 


I,  <l  ,, 

blab  flrrail  ili''i'J' 

They  d  lifer  lYoni  the  three  preeislliiu;  In  tluvt  there  Is  tone,  midlhlesoiinil,  made  In  the  throiit  diirlnu'  the  eontlnuanei>  of  the  eontnet  hy  whieli  they  arc 
liriiclilei'd.  I'hey  iire.  therefore,  properly  ealled  the  "siiMiiiit  '  iiHites,  while  tile  others  are  called  I  lie  "siiril,"  III'  "II,  HI-SI  Ilia  11 1,"  or  "  I  one!  ess"  mutes— 
or  sonielhiiu.'  ei|iiivalenl  lo  this  nhe  iiiiines  "hard"  and  "soft."  ami  their  like,  are  altoirether  to  he  rejeetedi.  t'sitilly.  a  laimuaife  has  liotli  the  surd 
and  Koniinl  ennespondliiii  iniiles— ^  and  il,  p  and  li,k  and  f/— If  It  has  either. 


me  lanmiaui's  the  mutes  .espeeinlly  the  surd  onesi  are  sometimes  nitered  In  sin'li  a  way  that  there  Is  a  Utile  pereeptlhle  pull' of  hniilli,  a 
oiuid,  hetween  tliem  anil  the  followlni;  sound.  In  sneh  eases  they  are  said  to  he  "as|)lrated."  or  the  resultlna  sounds  are  eiilled  "iisplriiles." 
he  best  written  with  a  so-called  "rou'^h-hreathlni;"  illreek  i,  or  reversed  apostrophe,  after  the  letter;  thus, 

■  '-'  f  <r  k-  <i\ 

so  closed  in  niaUhiK  Ihuni  that  uo  breatli  esuapeH  unlil  the  elimure  Is  hroken  or 

nth  is  siill'ered  I'l  |)iiss  Into  or  I  lii'otii.'li  the  iiosi',  the  result  is  til"  so-ealled  "nasal 
lii.^.  \ji-iieii(ii,t ,  II  iiiii;<naue  has  a  nasal  eorresi>ondiiiK  to  each  pair  of  non-nasal  mules  ;surd  and 
III,  the  liiii{iial  nasal  n,  and  the  piilauil  uasai.  In  .it/i.'/,  liiimj,  etc.  This  la.sl  Is, just  as  siiii)ile  a  souiul  as 
lor  II,  anil  write  it  wilii  nn.  If  this  doiihle  slun,  or  "dlitra|ih,"  weri>  adopted  as  its  represeulatlve,  we 
■'"""""'   "<  i"  ••• I-..,. .11  11... ,,..-,.. I  i.-Miiwud  hy  a,v-MjunU,  us  ln./l/i(/<'i'.    Thu  hest  slui^le  sulislltute  Is 


In  some  lanuua 
kind  of /i  s 
They  nuiy 

/i'  '('  I'  if  k'  !/'. 

All  these  sounds  are  ealled  luutes  heeuuse  the  inoulh-oi'^aiis  an 
explodeil. 

If,  now,  with, I  list  the  SI.    e  positions  of  the  niouth-or!{ans  Hie  hi 
muteH,"  or  "nasal  consonant  ,"  or  simply  "nasals."    < 
soiuujlA    >^o,  in  l^ii^tlsh  we  heal'  >he  lalilal  nasal  in,  the  1 
either  of  the  others,  hut  we  have  iiosimpli'  sian  f 

shuuhl  have  dilllcuity  in  dlslinxuishinii  llie  simple  nasal,  as  in  xiiiijrr,  from  lliu  nasal  foil 
/7,  Iieeause  il  is  always  to  1k'  found  in  the  priiitliiif  ^itUci^s, 

The  nasals,  then,  are  — 

III  n  il 

iniiiil  nun  .\iii</in<j. 

The  nasal  mules  are  made,  as  ahove  detlned.  with  complete  elosurc  of  tln'  iiioulli-(ir;,'aiis,  and  «et  their  peculiar  nasal  (|uallty  from  the  rlnj-'iiid  of  the 
expel Ii'il  air  In  the  nose.  lint  If  the  same  nasal  rlnuhiir  Is  made  while  tlie  uioiith-oriraus  are  in  a  po-ltioii  which  |iroduees  a  vowel  par!,  of  tiie  lireath 
hi'liiK  driven  through  the  inoiilh.  as  In  oral  nary  vovi-el  utterani';',  hut  a  part  also  into  or  throuifh  the  nose,  the  result  is  a  vowel  willi  a  iiii.sii  hue.'  or 
lone  added  to  it,  or  a  "nasal  vowel."  The  Krench,  for  exam|ile,  has  four  nasal  vowels,  as  In  vin,  I'li,  'in,  iiii.  Whenever  such  are  found  In  an  Indian 
laiisiiiane.  Iliey  may  hesl  he  written  with  the  proper  sl^n  for  .just  that  vowel-sound  which  is  i.'iven,  and  with  the  addlllon  of  a  "superior"  n  lo  indicate 
the  na.sallty.    Thus,  the  four  Krencli  sounds  would  he  reinesenUvl  thus: 

ii"  A"  ii"  li" 

fill  I'll  'in  'tin. 

Hut  there  are  other  pairs  of  surd  and  soiuiiil  soniuls  ,  without  any  nasal  eorrespondeiitsi. 

Thus,  for  e.\aiiiple,  llie/ol.iV'- and  the  r  of  rnlri'  stand  related  In  this  way,  the  .^heiiiK  made  h.v  an  I'.vpnislon  of  |aire  hrealli,  and  the  c  of  intoned 
orsonanl  lireath;  throuiih  precisel.v  the  same  Iiosltlon  of  tlii' moiith-oriran.  In  KiisiHsh.  this  position  is  a  pressliii;  of  the  upper  teeth  upon  the  lower 
lip;  lint  some  lainruaiies  leave  out  the  ti-eth  Mllo'jefher,  and  iiroihice  very  nearly  the  same  siaiuds  lietweeu  the  edues  of  the  two  lips  alone.  In  an.v 
ian^'natie.  it  would  he  well  to  look  sharpiv  to  see  whether  Itsy  or  r.  or  hoth,  are  of  the  one  kind  or  the  other,  and  the  purely  lalilal  pair  may  liest  ho 
written  /ili  and  hli. 

The  Wi-soiiiid  ill  our  words  (/i//i  null  Irnlh,  and  that  In  llii'ii  and  iril/i,  arc  related  ii.  the  same  way,  oiicheinu  surd  and  the  other  soiiaut.  Allhim-'h 
they  are  simiile  sounds,  we  have  no  simple  si(;ns  for  thoin;  we  must  write  them,  the  Ihin-lrnth  one  with  III :  and  then  we  shall  hesl  write  the  other, 
the  llifiiiiilh  one.  Willi  ilh,  he.Miise  it  stands  In  preclselv  the  same  relation  to  the  Wi-soniid  as  the  ('  does  lo  the  /. 

This  class  iif  sounds  an'  hest  e.illed  the  "spirants."  They' and  '■  are  leliial,  and  the  Ih  and  ilh  are  limiual  ialtlioU'.;h  eneh  pair  lirlii'.;s  in  an 
additional  oriian,  Ilie  teeth i.  In  F^nsllsh  we  have  no  palatal  spirants;  l,ul  II  ey  are  founil  in  man.v  lan'.ina!,'es.  The  (lerman,  for  e.v'ample.  has  two  : 
one  in  words  like  ich  and  iiiilfli,  formed  f^irther  forward  on  the  louijiie;  the  other,  in  nrli,  ilifli,  etc.,  further  hack,  more  i,'Utt\irally.  K.v  analo'.'y  with 
the  Wi-sliru  we  may  hest  wrili'  the  (ierinan  ic/i-soufid  with  kh :  and  then,  for  convenient  distinction,  we  may  wrlle  the  rjc/i-sound  with  ,<//i.  Tiiey  are 
liotli  surd,  ami  the  correspoiidiii);  sonant  is  ver.v  rare;  If  met  with  'nearly  the  .\ralile  "i/li'iin  "  ..  it  would  have  lo  lie  written  with  i/li. 

The  spirants,  then,  are— 

/  II  Ih  ilh  kh  i/h 

JiJ'i'  rnhr  Ihhi  Ihen  [ic/i]  [iich\. 

We  come  now  to  the  class  of  "sihllunts, "  or  hissing  letters.    ( iiir  eommoii  Knglish  ,i  and  z  need  no  explanation  ;  they,  too,  aro  eorrespondini; 
surd  ami  sonant.     Hut  our  .«/i-souii  I  Is  Justus  iiiueh  a  simple,suim<l  as  .«,  althoniih  we  use  two  letters  to  write  It  with;  and  II,  as  a  surd,  has  Us  eorre- 
spondlni;  sonant  In  <(jh/c  and  (//cimh/'c,  inyUTi'uftund  lullif.iiun,  and  their  like.    So.  If  we  continue  to  write  «h,  we  must  repreNent  Us  sonunl  hy  zli;  and 
there  is  nothlni;  helter  that  we  can  do. 
Thus,  the  sihllants  are— 

s  z  .sh  zh 

saure  zuiu'm  nhi'i-ivhh  nztiri'. 

The  I'h  and 7  sounds  lu  i-hiuvh  ainl.)i(i(,,/f  are  eompouml,  hnvliii;  for  their  last  part  the  ,i/i  and  zh  sounds,  with  a  I  iiretlxed  to  the  one  and  a  tl  to  the 
other;  the  ?  and  i/,  however,  formed  In  a  somewhat  dltrpvent  way  from  our  usual  oiu^s— namely,  further  hack  lu  the  mouth,  and  with  the  Hat  of  the 
tonitue.  They  may.  If  met  with,  he  written  wltlW.iA  and  lizh  :  or,  for  hrevlty's  sake,  with  c/i  and,;.-  or  even  with  c  instead  of  e/i;  aceordinitas  thee  or 
rh  mii.v  he  reiiuircd  for  no  other  uses. 

The  siiniids  of  our  .1/  and  ir.  as  In  jinit  and  m;  shiniM  he  written  with  tho.se  letters.  The  same  with  an  /i^souml  pniHxed  to  them— as  In  when 
=  h'0  -11  an  1  'i'( '  =  'n/ii  — s'lonl.l  he  written  as  pronounced;  that  U,  /iwaiul  hi/.  Home  hold,  to  he  sure,  that  these  sounds  are  not  ic  and  .v  with  an  h 
prcHxe  1.  hut  rather  are  the  corresimndinsf  surds  to  ir  and  j/  ,•  in  either  ease,  however,  the  hw  and  /i,i/  sinus  are  the  hest,  and  luiohjeetlonable. 

The  precise  Knijllsh  iv  Is  a  rather  nne(,.nmon  sound  amouK  other  lnnii?uat{es;  the  ,1/  Is  almost  universal.  Both,  as  regards  the  way  In  vlilch  they 
are  made  hy  the  mouth-orijans,  are  only  Intlnlteslmally  different  from  <  {piquet  and  it  (rule). 


^1 


b  I  NTIMiDrcTIoN. 

Tlic  I' Is  II  clltlli'iill  simnil  I'lir  nil  KiiuiKli  spiiikiT  tmli-iil  Willi,  hfcmisc  tlir  Kiitrllxlw  In  ximkrii  mi  hIIuIiIIv.'ih' I'Vi'ii,  In  ii  linxt  of  ciimi'HU'Iii'M  lint 
liiiiiirilliili'l.v  riilliiwi'il  liy  II  viiwi'li.  liy  iiiiisi  (ii'iipli'  Hlli'iirril  nllntti'tlic'i'.  ntlii'i'  liiiiuiiiii;<'n  iilr  iipt  to  ijlvi.'  II  it  ili'cldi'ill.v  stl'iiiiui'i',  I'Vrii  ii  tlillliiu  iii' 
vlliriilril  iilliiMiiri'.     FInw,  In  iiny  tflvcn  illnli'it,  tlii'  r   If  |iri'»i'nl  i  N  ihiimiiiiik  ril  will  !"•  ii  pnipi'r  Miliji'cl  liii'  ii  llltif  sprcii     ilcHi'i'tplliiii. 

Ill  Miliir  lllliu'llilltrs  or  (lliilcrls  ii  wift  iif  lliiltnlliill  iif  /•  l»  Illllili'  liy  Vllpl'llllliu  till'  uvlllll  llnli'ilil  nl'  Illr  lip  of  lllr  liilimii'.  IT  lili't  witll,  till"  lllltflll, 
111  II  wliiilly  riiiiM'iitloiiiil  wii\ .  Im'  -IuiiIMi'iI  I>>  lii,  sliio'  this  I'ljiiililiiiillnii  Ik  lint  llki'ly  to  lir  wiiiili'il  I'lir  iiiiytliliiK  i'Ihi'.  All  r  tliiil  Iiiih  all  /i-smiiiil  pro- 
liniiiii'i'il  lii'liii'i'  II  sliniilil,  III  i-niii>i'.  III'  wrilii'ii  with  lii\ 

Till'  i-smiliil  Ik  iilli'i'cil  liilwi'i'li  till'  lip  nt  till'  tnli'jlli'  mill  till'  rnnt  nt  llli'  Illinilli,  III  nil  ^sllllllll,  tin'  InllKIll'  tnlll'hl'N  till'  I'nnf  nl'  lllr  lllolllll  ■iiillll'- 
wlicrr  III  till'  iiilililli'.  hikI  till'  liri'Hili  roiiit'soiii  iit  Ihr  bIiIi'h  <if  tlic  tniiitiii',  Tlic  iinlliiiiry  /  Iiiih  tin"  l<iimn<'  In  tlic  Apntiltlon.  Tlir  pt'cnlliir  I  I'XprrHscil 
In  Uiillitii  liy  i/l  iiiK  III  iiiniilifi  Ih  iiiiiiIc  witli  tin-  lint  i>i  thi'  tiininK'.  Inxti'iiil  i  it  I  Ik  Up.  iiKiilnxt  the  riMirnt'thi'  iiiinitli,  iiinl  will  Ix'  ronvi>nli'iitly  rrpr<'wiiti>il 
liy'//,'  It  Is  nisn  iii'iii'ly  llii'  nlil  I-'iiiirli  /  iiiniiillf.  Tin  ii  sliiilliiily  niiiili'  M'nlliii'  pnlntnl  lliiin  llnitlliili,  which  In  till'  /I  of  the  Mpiinlsti  uinl  ;//i  nt  tin- 
Fl't'lirli  Ills  III  <v/)V,/i,  rfyiifii,  limy  Im  wrltt«Mi  In  like  iiinnniT  Willi  ii//. 

W'r  liiivi'  iih«mI  till'  /i  11  minihi'i'  at'  tliiK>K  In  mnklnv  illirrnplis.  nr  ilnnlili'  fili/liH,  tnr  wrltlriff  hoiiihIn  wlilrli  lUi  tint  cniiliilM  nny  /i-rli'iiirnt.  Hnt  thp 
rcnl  /i-siiiinil.  Iliiiiii.'li  liy  iin  iiiiiiiis  I'niiinl  in  nil  Innuniiiti'ii.  In  ii  I'liininnii  .inn.  It  Is  iin  nxpiiUInn  nf  iilr  lluimiili  the  position  of  tin'  niljoliilin.'  snimiil 
HninnI  iiiMiiill.v  Ilir  rnllowlni.'  niii".  Tims,  lor  nxiuiipli'.  Ilic  /i  ol'  hn  Is  n  nionii'iilnry  rush  ot  Mini  hrintli  iliroiiuli  tin'  oru'iiiis  put  In  position  Inrii,  lii'liiri' 
till'  loiii'  liiijins  wlili'li  iniikcs  tlir  n  ll.si'lt;  Mini  it  Isjiisl  so  with  tlir  Ii  or  hf  uiiil  Willi  tliiit  nt  iiliu:  Iliry  iirr  iiiinlr  irspi  rilvcly  wllli  tlir  inniitli-ni'unns 
I II  I  111'  position  III'  1 1  iiii/Kr.  mill  III  II 1 1  lllr  I,  To  lir  ii  mil  li,  ii  purr  iispliiit  ion,  tlir  son  nil  iiiiisl  liiivr  (Ills  rliiinirti  r.  iriliri'r  Is  ii  nmrnwliiu  ol  111"  llirniit, 
miywlii  rr,  sons  IhkIvc  n  nisplntf  luiisr,  iIickhuikI  IhoI'  nnotlier  cliiii'iu'ter,  ii  KXILnnil  Hplrunl,  iinil  iniiHt  liu  Hperliilly  (litwirl licit  uiiil  dltrcrcntly  ropri'< 
Hl'lllril. 

In  Kniillsli,  Kc  use  llii;  iisplratioii  only  Inlnri'  a  vowi.'l  uiul  lirKirc  the  Ki'iiilvowrls  ir  anil  .1/  'iik  InsUinrrU  iihovi'  liy  whi'ii  anil  Iwrt.  In  siiinf  otiipr 
laiilfUiiKrs  II  iniiy  lir  loiiinl  also  lirloir  r  nml  /  nml  tlir  niisiil  iniilrs  n  anil  in.  A««lii.  II  niiiy  lii-  niniiil  Inllowllii,'  Instrail  ol  prcci'illnn  ttin  vowrl  wlili-h 
(,'lvrs  It  its  cliararlrr.  Tlini'  art'  liiiiKHiiKrs,  too,  In  wlilrli  sli'rii|.'tlirin'i.l  or  iniHllllril  linalliliiK'^  iipprar  which  yrl  arc  not  precisely  splruiitK,  anil  It 
may  he  iiccesHiry,  in  onirr  to  leprehent  tlicin,  to  doulile  the  A,  01  ailil  11  ronuh-lii'ea  liliiii  <  thus  I,'  1,  or  use  oilier  like  iiu-IIukIs  of  illMtlnelloii, 

I'ses  Inivr  111  lis  hrrii  iisslt'iii  il  tuall  our  klters  e.\eei)llli)f  7  aiul  jc.  As  we  ordinarily  use  the  (/,  It  Is  only  another  way  of  wrIlliiK  a  *--Hnund;  our 
i/i'  Is  the  eiinlviileiil  of  kir:  i/iiil,  for  CMiiiiplc,  wnnlil  he  Just  ns  aecuialely  written  kiril.  And  the  j'  Is  only  a  A.»— or,  soinel lines,  a  ;/;— writtrii  with  ii 
sliiule  slun. 

Whatever  koiuiiIh  have  not  lieeli  tluiK  provided  for  miint  he  dealt  with  liy  the  ohservor  ns  well  iim  Is  poBslble  to  lilin.  Me  KhonUI  he  KUlded  hy  the 
aniiloiiirs  of  the  syslriii  hire  laid  tlown,  and  should.  If  It  iiiny  he,  select  characters  or  conihliialions  of  charncters  which  are  to  lie  found  In  nrdliinry 
printing  nllices. 

Not  a  little  ililllciilty  Is  .siiiiiottines  ncca.Hloned  to  col  lectors  t>y  the  Indetliiltenr  undecided  clnwnetcr  of  some  of  theNotinds  of  a  laiiKniiKe.  A  t  and 
f<,  for  e.xalnpic,  will  appear  to  lie  used  Inteichaniiealily.  the  stiiind  In  the  same  word  sceiniin.'  now  to  he  the  one  and  now  the  other.  This  Is  In  some 
leases  owiiiK  to  insniltrient  fainlllarliy  with  the  lammime,  anil  the  dltllriilly  Is  reiuoveil  hy  iiiiire  r^^perlence:  In  other  eases.  It  Is  due  to  the  fuel  that 
the  s|ieiiki>rN  do  not  ohserve  ilistliietlons  which  we  oliseive,  lint  utter  a  kind  of  eoiiipronilse  lietweeu  two  or  more  dltlereiit  sounds,  shadlin;  now  inoie 
town  I'd  one  and  now  more  toward  miotlirr.  Thr  sou  nils  thus  e.\rliiiii;rrd  are  In  lirnmil  those  inailr  h.v  the  sann'  inoiilh-onians— the  eorrespnniP  n; 
surd  and  sniimil  iiinles,  the  rorrrspninllna:  iiinlrs  and  splrnnts,  thr  ,■  mnl  /,  and  sn  on,  Thr  rnllrrlor  will  prnlialily  dn  hrst  to  select  some  one  rcpre- 
si-nliillM'  for  such  a  sou  nil,  pointing  on  I  nt  the  same  iiiiir  Its  prrmulahlr  chiirin'trr, 

II  Is  very  clrsinihlr  alw  i,\  s  III  nimk  llie  accriiteil  s,\  llnlilr  of  a  word;  and  II  may  lie  lirsi  ilmir  hy  mi  ainlr  ncreni  nii  nr  afirr  Ihr  vowel  uir  tlio 
sylliililr,  If  Ihr  wnni  is  dlvi.lrd  iiitn  >^  llnhirs':  as,  in'lhrr,  il,s-lriir'-liiiii. 

It  Is  well  fur  n  rollrclnr  tndlvidi'  hy  hyphens  las  in  the  wold  last  liiHtaneedj  the  .syllahle.s  of  the  wo'-ds  In  his  lists,  hut  this  need  not  he  done  la 
eoniu'cted  tr.\ls. 

It  may  ll^'ain  hi'  polntrd  nut.  In  eoiiclnsloii  that  the  value  of  vocahulaiies  and  other  such  matter  collwted  will  he  proportioned,  In  no  .small 
dcjirce,  to  Ilie  care  nml  skill  shown  In  aniiiy/.lni.'  and  rcpreseiitlnj(  the  phonetic  structure  nf  the  lanmuiKcs  studied, 

A  L  I'll  A  P>  KT. 


a  »)r  o,  loiiB  UH  \ti  far, /allirr,  (ilii.  habvii. 

a  or  d,  short  as  In  tJin.  »i«»i,  Vr.pnx:  nearly  as  lu  (E.)  vIkiI,  tiol. 

it  as  In  lull,  itiitn. 

a  as  In  ltftr,/itr,  till. 

d"  an  Kr.  en  In  eii,  quaiitl. 

^n  as  Fr,  in  la  ri'/i,  rifit,  teiii. 

rfo  as  Kr.  nil  In  0/1,  mfii ,  roiitl. 

(li  us  in  rti.i(e,  Iim.  j)M-i»;  i\n{E.)2)iiH,Jiiul. 

dt  as  iii  or  iiu  in  uil,  but). 

<(«  ns  UK  or  oie  in  uut,  how,  Cim.  iMua. 

b  us  In  blah,  (im.  bebfn,  Kr.  bellf, 

Ii  nearly  as  ftA  In  coWu«»e. 

5/t  as  tiiii.  ic  In  frhii-rr,  21, 

c  (or  ch)  as  eh  In  church,  It.  cielu. 

d  as  in  dread,  (iin.  das,  Kr.  <li: 

(f  iienrl.v  as  db  in  madhitusv, 

dh  as  ll>  In  thni,  uith. 

e  or  t,  loiiR  ns  In  Ihry,  dm.  bppt. 

e  or  I,  short  ns  In  Ihpv,  (tm.  hell,  Kr.  .tieunr. 

/  as  Inyf/c,  (im. /cHcr,  Ki'./cii. 

(/  as  In  Dill,  liiii.  i/rtma,  Kr.  (/ivj.». 

f/'  nearly  as///i  In  loi/hoiiiii'. 

f/h  I  nearly  as  Arah.  i/htiiii.] 

h  an  In  ha,  he,  hiuil,  ot<!.,  fiiii,  huben, 

K  stronger  aspiration. 

At"  as  U'A  in  ic/i«m.  . 

hu  as  In  hue, 

i  or  5,  long  a»  In  pitiue,  (im.  ihn,  Kr.  Ve. 

i  or  f,  short  as  In  Oiu.  will,  Kr.  ici;  nearly  as  in  (K.)  pUk,  thin. 

J  us  In  judfie, 

k  ns  In  kick,  (im.  kamm,  Kr.  qvaiid 

K  iienrly  us  kh  in  inkhoni. 


kh 

I 

III 

in 

n 

ft 

nv 

oor  i, 

o  or  3, 

P 

P' 

ph 

,,h 

I' 

rh 

,1 

»h 

t 

r 

Ih 

u  or  H, 

u  or  <J, 

I) 


Mh 


as  'im.  eh  In  iWi,  milch,  kiiThr. 

as  In  lull,  (im.  Udlen,  Kr,  lilie. 

as  It.  (//  in  muylie,  (.oldi  Kreneh  briller, 

as  In  uitiiii,  (im.  uirinine,  Kr.  ine, 

as  In  m/;i,  (im.  iiiiune,  Kr.  ac. 

as  ny  In  ainyiuy,  (iin.  mnyen, 

as  Mp,  tl  \n  cttHon,  Kr.  gn  In  rl'iine. 

long  ns  in  nute. 

short  US  In  (,N.  E.)  home,  (im.  .wU,  Kr.  mol. 

as  In  pij>e,  Um.  puppe,  Kr.  i>ouj>r. 

nearly  HHph  In  tupheavy. 

as  (hn..f\\\pfeil. 

as  (im.  ch  In  ach,  iloch,  Scottish  loch,  Sp,  J  In  hijo. 

as  in  roaring,  (im.  riihrcn,  Kr.  rare. 

uvalnr  r. 

as  In  nance,  Kr.  sauce,  Om.  ici'*«cn, 

an  In  Khun,  (IMi.  nrhim,  Fr.  cAiri'i-. 

ns  In  tnH,  (im.  tri<tfn,  Fr.  fdter. 

nearly  ns  fh  In  nmtlhrad. 

as  In  Ihin,  truth. 

longns  In  rule, /vol,  (im.  du,  Kr.  dour. 

short  ns  in  pull,  sixui,  (im.  null,  Kr.  nulle. 

as  in  but,  run,  son,  hlnod. 

UB  Kr.  tin  in  un,  brun. 

lis  In  (im.  kiihl,  kiiiuen,  Kr.  plume. 

ns  In  valve,  (im.  wenn,  Kr.  veiix. 

as  In  iviah,  will,  wa/fivard,  nearly  as  Kr.  oui, 

RH  In  pun,  year,  Um.  J  In  Ja. 

us  H  In  u»e,pure,  mew.Jeud, 

as  in  ximet,  (im.  hwie,  Kr.  iHe,  cane. 

as    In  azure,  11  lu  pleature, /tuion,  Kr.  Juger. 


INTRODUCirON 


of  ciist's  '  wlu'H  lint 
•,  even  II  trlllliiK  '"• 
loll. 

el  with,  liiUiiilulil, 
liiwiiii  /i-«>iiinl  I'l'o- 

rif  the  nioutli  soiiie- 
|iei'Illllir/eX)ire»(.iil 
iileiilly  reiire-i.iited 
miilxti  i\ml  ilii  «(  ft"" 

/i-elenicMit.  I!nt  tliP 
lie  ncljiiliiliiir  sdimiil 
|iii»iliipii  lord,  lielbre 
til  the  inoiith-ors.'iins< 
lowlMi:  ol  Ih"  throiil, 
iiuiaim'riMitly  riiprt- 

hveu    In  wiiniMithor 

Unit  the  vowel  whh'li 

■Isely  HpliiintH,  iiiiil  It 

tliielloii. 

lIliKf  u  *-Houiul;  our 

,  11  ((i— written  with  ii 

rinlil  he  uuldril  hy  the 
he  I'ounil  111  oiHllnary 

■  11  liiiijtninJi'.  V  t  anil 
then  This  Is  In  some 
Is  line  lotlie  liicl  thiit 
lis,  shnillni?  now  more 
is_thi"  eorresiioiul!  ii{ 
,eleet  some  one  reiire- 

ilter  till'  vowel  uir  the 

Ik  neeil  not  he  done  In 

,)ortlonud,  In  no  sinuU 


I 


EXIM.ANAToli  V     Jii:.\lA  IJKS. 


'">'-■  l'i'n'ai-»nonoMherollowln«  sets  or  wi.iHls.phrKses,  and  sentenees,  with  mr.^  tor.  three  oh|eelH  have  heen  kiM.t 

.view:  Ills,.  to.elee,wonswd.hnii^  Id.  loselee,  words  whiel ,1 talned  with  1  he  «re Hi  eertalii,  V  ■ 

I       I.  1,  to  se  ee    words  wlUel,  will  he  oMhe  «rea,es,  llnunlstle  and  ,..|,eral  e,hno«raphle  value.    These  ..onsldera.lo.  h  vere  .son.etlnu.s  In  ....u     el 
hnt  a  eareliil  welithlinr  ol  tlieiii  lm.>  leil  to  the  rollowln^  result. 

It  slioiil.l  not  he  sii,,|,os,.d  that  these  words  anil  senleiiees  are  nly  laii's  ,,r  value;  the  ..olleetor  mav,  as  opporliinltv  Is  allonled   Inerease  the 

l!eeii'!lo'ne  I'letv.   '""""■      '"  "'"  """■  """"'' '""""  "' '""  '  '"'  ^"""'  '"  ""■"•  '""  ""'  """'  ""•l"""'"!  '"teres,  lie.Li  se  ol  tlia!  wlil '.riias 

A  siimller  niiniher  than  ealled  lor  In  the  sehednle  may f  ureal  valne  i,  „>,f„i,„,l  in  ,,W.,  ,.s  «lven  herein;  anv  one  of  the  sets  of  the  words 

iil"h'!/o,  ,;;,;:;;::!,;';.«..  '"'    ' '"'"  ""'""  ""  "  "'""""• "■""""■"  •"  "•"■""'*"-.  '■•"  -.ms  seleeu.,  m  random  ..ere  and  ;,;;. re 


old 
won 


rnlt.d  s  at   s     U  "  "•  """l"  "•'"■'l^  '■'■"I"  111-  "".Hans  theiiiselve.s.    Indians  s|.eaklii«  Knullsh  ean  he  found  In  almost  everv  Irlhe  wl.l.ln  the 

1,   L     in     he'l,     1       '  '■    ,""      "■.";'" ■'  '"■'•'"■""■'•^-  " """ -"  "■'>"  "'■'■  ""PP-'svd  lo  s„eak  the  Indian  toUK'ne.  unU.s  siieh  .-.ersoiis  have  h e e  , 

le        al  i^s^^m  I.v,  and  have  had  some  reasons  for  s„alvl„.  I lau.na.es  o„  a. nnl  of  ,,  elr  helnuiulssio,  - 


WMM^lJ  w'urileulv'w' r  r  i',''':''''',',''''''i'''''''''''  '"■'"■'■'■"  ""',"■  ""■"  '""'  """"'"  '"  ''•"  "  '•""^•'■"""""1  J"'»-'-'".  .-.nposed  of  eorrnpled  Indian  a Mi.lls 

w    Ids.  MM,  lu.iu.v  „o,ds  1  on,  oiher  iMiropean  louLMies.     In  Ihls  fa.'t  Is  f.Miiul  one  of  ,he  reasons  why  words  should  not  he  eolleeled  from  wldh    me; 

unless  they  haven  seholarl.v  kuowled.e.iis  liidleatedahove.  oi  ,wou    im  . 

Toeolh.el  wor.lsfromaulndl„iire,|ulres.realpalh'iiee,«sIt  Is  dlllleult  lo  hold  Ills  attention  lor  anv  Kieal  leuu'lh  of  lime  and  It  re„ulres  „  eoi 

rn;;d*h::'::;;,r:«w;f,  .';::;;;:,'„;;':'•• '^  "^  -""• ■  -""^ '-"' ' - "-'  '^  -'"•"  •■■••  • "^■'•"" •-  -  -''--  ^'^^^'^^■ 

slaaild  he'i'IreUdh''v!.r;M!"|'.  ""'  ''"'■'""  '"' '"'""'  ''""""  '"'  '''"''"'  '""■''"•  '■'""""'''■'"^  "  »  --'"'l  .!'-• :  '-'•  I'-ls  und  other  leaMuis,  every.lUn.  .-olleeti. 


J  In  hijo. 


iiaer. 


I.-l'KKMuNH. 


(I 


'i 


RxmJdH. 

Hrmakkm. 

Mini 

V'tlllltf  IMMII        .    -    -I                         _          ■-. 

'iiiti  v.-i; 

li 

.:  ,4. 

Ilc.y 

(ilrl      

...IJ.. 

Mule  Inltmt   -. 

l*"i'iui(it'  liilaitt    -  . 

'  lilo.i v..  lliiwHiii,  .( 

■ 

WUIdWlH' _ 

Widow 



nui!-'*:';:.  lo  u  iiiiii-' 

I!;n'lii'!t)r 'olil  1 _,    ,  __ 

Miilil   iilih     

I 


0 


n.-IV\l!Tis  (IK  THi;   IH't.v. 

Ill  iiii>ii.\  I  IK  I  III  1 1  liinuiiMui'v  llii'i'i'  In  nil  ni'|iii|'ii|i'  wmi'M  liir  I'.vi',  liiiiiil,  iinil,  nr  nlhi'i'  piii'lN  iiliil  (iruiiii  iiT  tlii<  liiidy,  niil  the  U'lii'il  I*  round  Willi  iiii 
iiiriir|Hii'iilril  <ji'  iilliicliud  pi'ouniin  ••iKnUyliiu  m/i  hiiixl,  iiiti  lyi",  ,i/'iiii'  liiinil.  //xi/r  r.\  i':  hi.<  liiiiiil,  hU  I'yr,  ,v<'.,  iik  tin  I'liKf  iiiiky  bv.  li'  tli"  tiiilliin.  In  mini- 
Inu  llii'M-  |iiii'l>,rrrciN  III  lil>  (i«  II  lioily.  In'  ■■iiy-  m//;  II' lir  nl'r-  Im  thi'  liu'ly  nf  III"  |mi  ■'h'i  In  Mlmin  In'  l>  •.|ii'.iklmr,  |\i'  "nyf  i/'inr.Ar.  Tl  nil  tint  Inn  -liniilil 
lliul  a  lULiu'lii-'d  liiiit  tliliiwu  Hum  Hit  uiupuiutliiK-Liililv  ut'  itu  ui'UU  Ik'ld-UualiUui,  Uu  .  uuld  mi>  mjiiii'IIiIiu  Uliu  tliU;  I  Uuvu  luuud  KuluubuUy  hutfuul. 
Till'  iiriiiiiiiiiiniil  imrlli'lr  "liiiiilil  III'  writ  ti'ii  Willi  III!'  piii'l  Imply  I  iiu  till'  Miiiii',  Mil'  will  ill'  t'lU'iiiliiK  lull  liiii'  wmd.  Ii  N  iimimIIv  mtv  I'li'-y,  li>  Iimiht'Ihii, 
Kidcli'l'iiiliir  wliiil  in'iiiiiiiili  Is  iiHi'il,    '11 1  Ik  HmkhIsI  Ii'  rliiii'iii'lii'lMl  Ir  In  wldiij  niu'i'inl  tliuiii{li  mil  iiiiIvi'In.iI. 

II  In  II  ui'iiii'iil  iii-lniii  miii'iiL'  llii'  liiilhiii'.  Ill  plii'rr  Ilir  I'lii-  fill'  iii'iiiiiiii'iiN:  timiiy  lrllii'>  iiUn  plrri'i'  tlir  Ni'pliiiii  iil'tlip  111  INI', 

Till'  iiiinirN  iilllii'  liiliTiiiil  iirmiiiN  m-  pni'l-riiii  Ih'IIit  lir  di  IrrniliH'il  iitli'i'  Inn  in  ;  Iiiu'iu'iI  tin  iiniii'  n  n;  pai  N  uraiiliniilN  :in  «iiliNiiiiii'i.tly  nihrd  lur, 

Tlicrc  limy  Im  >t  )(>'■>''■'■>'  t^'i'iu  fxl'  I>I»ihUvimkii1,  anil  Npi'illlc  IrnnN  fur  lln  iiioic  niitiri'iiliU'  iiIu'n, 


K.MII.INII. 


Ih'iid.-- 

Iliilr 

I  'I'uwn  iHilii'  lii'iiil     

Mrlllp 

Kiice 

Kiii'i'lii'iid. -■ 

Ky«' 

I'upil  Hi  till'  eye - 

Kyi'liiNli  - 

Kyi'liniw- 

I'ppi'l'  ryillil  __ 

IiCiwi'i-  .  V .  lid 

l-.ni-lulii' 

Kill' -  — 

I'l'Miinilliiii  111  I'lir  - 

Kxirniiil  iipi'iiln^'  of  till  I'liiv 

Ndnc   

liidyi*  111'  IKISC --- 

NoNtril     _. 


Hl.MAUKN. 


Ok  •'  I 


,.<l 
IJ.-.I  .1  i 


iii.ii  •/ 1,  ii.  ;•.■ 


I'r- 

...... 


iiti'i  J'UlM 


J,li-I 


U-,  <i'*Ni.f     II  ;ii  'jl^  ,( 
'  •   i'ii".,U  1 1  -H  ,l-,.l 


Wmiia  i-IJiHi 


'^I'piiiiii  iiriiiiH('_ 


riTHii'iiliiiii  III  M'pliiiii  111'  inisr. 

Clici'k.. 

Ili'iird. 

Moutli 

I'ppi'r  lip 

Lower  ilp _ 

Tiiolli _ 

Tons^iii' --     .  - 

3 


....     ..</.'•<■••  ,ri  1.1 


,ii>\<y.-i  VMVi^  urV*  li'j(JU 


Vl'.'ll  "' 


\fi\V  ',•>  I 


..a>U!:!Ul!,,l 


Il 


10 


)l 


I'AUTS  (JK  i'HK  HODY-loiUinucil. 


KSKIiISTH. 


filiate- 
Tlirfwt . 

(liiii  ._. 


-Neck. 


Ailmn's  jii>p!o 


lioii.V- 


•SilDlKiIlT  . 


.-lii.ulili'r-liliiili' 

Un'»>!  of  11  iimii 

liroast  oi'j:  \vo*iian. '.iiiinmuii 

Nipl'li'^- -  - 

Hip 


NhvcI  . 


KU'lil  iiriii. 


I.I  li  iinii- 


Vrm-iiits 


KljiUt 


I.cit  a 


Ui>£l.I 


Lcfi  e 


Hiiiht 


l.olt  il 


llijrlit 


I.cit  w 


mj;lit 


I.uri  1 


I'liliii 


};aik 


yh.m 


Jlmri 


rir.-l 


Rhmakk". 


I:  .     1-1  rn  -It.  , 


arm  above  I'lhow 

rni  above  elbuw 

Ibow-- _    _ 

anil  beliiw  eUjMW. 

, 

nil  below  elbow   

wrist - - 

vrlst .      . 

liaiul 

laiifl 

orhaiul 

(iriiaiiil  _,  .  _. 

■r**- 

lb _._ 

1 

fillg'T _ 

: 1 

11 


lAKK**. 


;.,T.U 


h„,).i     HltV.  l.WMT'I 


PAIITH  UF  THK  BOOY-Coutlntied. 


ivNtfUetH. 


Sl'i'r)|lll  lllljjl'l' .... 

Tliinl  lliigcr -. 

Sinn; I  )lii|,'(i',. 

Fiiiuor-miil... 

Knut'kic 

Sjiurc  iH'twii'ii  kiiiiuk!i'> 

Kuiii2> 

r.og- 

I,i'g  iihovc  kiifi' 

KiKl.'  ,. 

Ivll"».--p!lll « 

1,1'j.'  Im'Iuv,-  kiu'i 
Cnlfof  llic  k'g.. 

Ankle. _ 

Ankle-bono 


■.-jt-:j.-.n~  ■w.-.-.^.c.-s*  -.-  -,Vi«W3IK? 


■ftrtrftttwjiSr.wwiwwwt-' 


(>  Instep  . 
"■  Font . .. 


So!)'  ol'  Hint 


""7  4 

4Toe.- 

■■>.» 


^Ijirgo  toe . 


Bti'onil  tnc 

Tliinl  loo , 

.J-'oimli  too 

■t^oe-iiall 

plon.l 

Vfln  or  iirli'i-y  . 

JSraIn 

BhnUli-r 

(Caul 

f«" • 

.  ^purt- 


'-^^**i!'y^i*rfl'-*r9=^,'' 


tlilnrv. 


KEMABKt:. 


12 


PARTS  OF  THK  BODY— r-oiitlnnert. 


Evfir.iHH. 

RRM  AXKH. 

I.lvcr 

.L(.ii-i  L;i'''  "^ 

Rll) .    .. 

I'lilw 

Vci-tci,riH 

^..1.   1 

8pint)  _ _. 

F'odt-in'iiit   —     ..  .  

.L.i 

.-i.i/.. 

• 

'•'  -^AVi^ 

•jiiJjif;!?^ 

..v..v^i.i»y.li:iWJ. 

'O.I  ■li's^ity '' 

,i.-,i-r>) 

i'i)i'i.i; 

.^^.    .^^   .....         ,  .  .JrfU 

tiK 


Mil 
tall 


I 


IwitU-.i 

iiJl^^^ 

«liyi'»tA> 

^^wX 

__ ..'.'JA'UV.^. 

I'iUliH'Ji:^- 


>«*mi»tWV.4«-  in.— RKT.ATrONHHri'H. 

'I'lir  IiicliiMis  iiri'  vi'iy  cxiict  In  lU'slmiiitiii'.'  tin'  (Iciiri'i'  iiiiil  niiliirc  cif  I'l'latloiisliips  liy  spcciiiil  Icniis;  llui«  tlii'V  hiivc  :i  wiml  siiiiulyliii;  clilii' 
lii'iitliiT;  iiiiiillii'r,  yiiuiiKPr  brotluT;  oin'  sl',Miiryli\i;  olcliT  sister;  iiiicitl.cr.  yniini.'1'i'  sister.  Tlicy  have  mi  wiml  tni'  eoiislii  In  npiicrnl,  lull  inTliiips  ii  wind 
sliiiiliyini;  my  liillii'i'-  rMcr  linillin's  mhi  ;  anollii'i'.  my  tiilliei''s  yiiimucf  liriitlier's  son  ;  iiiiutluT,  my  iiiiitlii'i's  I'Mef  lirniliiTs  s.ni ;  «iill  amiilirr,  my 
lunthi'i's  eliler  sl^,el•■s  son;  anil  pi'rhii|iK  aniitlicr.  my  ninthi'i's  ydnniiei'  sIsIit'h  son,  I'te..  etc.  'I'lii'  set  of  tcrniN  nsi'il  liy  any  trl'ii'  of  Inilians  lor  tlit* 
purpose  will  eiaisiliiiie  a  valiialile  eontrll'iitlon  to  etlmoloL'y. 

The  lerni.s  ean  with  a  litllu  earo  he  olitainiHl  Willi  lUHiurtiey.  The  I'ollriwinB  nuitlKMl  lor  ilrawiiiac  out  these  worils  iVom  the  (iidlmiB  Ims  heen  iiwrt 
with  Slleeess. 

]irhitiun'ihiii\  itfixiitif  J'ftini  f/tr  jlr.il  Hifil  .\/'ftitnl  ii.  ii'  rafinttf. 

Take  two  hnndles  of  sticks,  ail  the  stieks  in  one  hiindle  lieinu  alike,  hill  ipilte  ilistiiiei  from  tliose  in  tlie  otiier;  two  hoNes  of  iliirereiit  kinds 
of  iiuitehes  will  do.  I'we  one  set  lor  males  and  the  oilier  lor  females.  I'laee  on  a  hlaiii;el,  tiilile,  or  ground,  as  the  ease  may  ht'.  n  Htlek  repre- 
senliiiK  a  male  person;  say  to  the  Indian  thai  it  ri'iiresenlsa  man;  place  licsldc'  It  a  sliik  from  the  hniulle  represent iiii:  female  persons, ami  say 
to  tlie  Indian  thai  this  represents  a  woman,  his  wife;  then  ask  him  what  the  male  person  cnlls  the  leiiiale— that  is,  what  is  the  word  lor  iriO.-' and 
record  It  in  the  schedule  helow,  opposite  "  wife  said  liy  hiisliaiid  ";  then  ask  what  the  wonnin  i  iiils  the  man-  tliiil  is,  what  Is  the  wurd  for  IiiikIhiiiiI .'  and 
rec(a'd  it  opposite  "hiisliaiid  said  h.v  witc."  l'lae«'  at  the  foot  of  tile  two  stii'ks,  i.  r.  ill  anoilier  rank,  a  tliird.  from  the  laindle  representing  male 
persons,  and  say  tills  iniin  ami  woman  have  a  son  ;  what  does  the  tSither,  poinrlnK  to  It.  call  the  son?  polnttni  tn  the  proper  stick;  record  the  word  in 
the  appropriate  pla,  i'  in  ;iie  M-hcdiilc;  lien  lec-iprocally.  what  docs  the  son  call  tie  liilher?  auaiii,  wh.it  does  tic  niotlier  i-all  the  >oir.'  and  what  doi's 
the  son  call  the  niollier?  I'laee  another  slick  liy  ihe  side  of  the  iasi  (from  the  hnmlle  representing  female  personsi.  lind  wliat  the  father  calLotho 
daimhtcr ;  the  daiiL'tiier  the  falliei-;  tin-  nmllier  I  he  .laii'_dilcr ;  I  hi-  daimliter  llic  iiiolliei'.  aiul  ree,  n-il  them  ;  w  hat  ilic  hrolle-r  who  i-  old. r,  calls  Ihe 
sister  who  is  younger,  and  jilaee  the  result  opiiositc  tlic  u  rm  '■  sister  said  liy  elder  lirolher,"  iiiul  tiicii  what  tlie  sister  calls  the  lirotluir,  and  lilrtco  It 
opposite  "el del"  I ii'ot her  said  h.\"  sister."  'I'ake  another  sticiv  from  the  laindle  represent imr  male  persons  and  iilace  i!  t.y  [nc  last  Iwo,  exiitainini:  to  t lie 
Iniiiaii  that  this  represents  a  third  dilld,  a  male,  .\oii!i!j;er  than  Ihe  other  two.  To  verily  the  names  ohtained  lor  fattier  and  son,  mother  and  sou, 
repeat  the  (|Uesllons  aAked  concernini.'  the  elder  sou.  Then  ask  what  does  llic  elder  hrolher  call  the  .vmmL'cr  hrotlicr?  and  record  it ;  tlicn,  wliat  does 
the  yoiiiojer  hrolher  call  Ihe  elder  hrotlicr'.'  and  record  ii ;  then,  wlial  docs  tlie  cider  sisier  call  llie  younger  brollier'.'  and  record  it ;  then,  what  does 
the  yoiinirer  hrolher  iiill  the  elder  sister?  imd  record  it.  .Vow  take  a  ntiek  from  tlie  hnndir  reprenrnttiiii  the  femnie  pcrsonf!,  I'Tiplrdnliis:  that  tllt*< 
represents  a  lourtli  child- -a  yoiiiu;er  ilau^riitcr  and  sister,  \'cril>  a>.  far  as  jios-Mile  the  terms  hercTofore  ohtained,  and  then  ask  what  docs  Ihe  cidi'r 
sisier  call  tiie  .\'oiniy:er  sister'.'  and  leiuird  it ;  what  lioes  the  youitii'cr  sister  call  tlie  elder  sister'?  and  recnnl  it. 

il  iiia\'  he  Weil  lo  ailil  one  mo:  e  son  and  daii'.rhlcr  for  veri lien t ion. 

I'lilcss  the  Indian  is  very  iialieiit,  pi'olial)i.\  Ihe  work  laid  out  is  sullicii'ni  li.r  one  sittins. 

Now  pros  ide  t\ro  more  heiidies  of  slicks-  one  rcpreseni  iiiii  males,  the  oilii  r  fi  iiiales,  anil  lioili  unlili"  iln 
IHM'soiis  marryihw  inio  the  faniii.v,  and  are  ont.v  lo  he  used  for  such  pcvsoii^. 

Havinu  still  hefore  the  rndlans  tlie  slicks  represent inir  personasres,  laid  out  in  the  order  ahove  descrihed.  from  Ihe  new  Inmdle  reprcscntins: 
feinale  persons  place  a  stick  licsldi  the  elilcr  hrotlicr.  and  e.xidain  tlial  It  represents  tlie  eider  hrolher's  wife,  and  verily  the  worils  iiere'oiorc  ohtained 
lor  hiisliiind  and  wife;  then,  what  dors  the  hnshand's  Ihther  call  the  wife?  what  rtne.s  the  wife  call  the  hushnnd's  tlither?  what  linos  the  linshanrt's 
iiioliici'  call  tile  wife'.'  wiiat  does  tile  wife  call  tile  liii.-.lian,rs  mother?  .\ow  pi, ice  a  stick  from  the  new  hiindle  reiircseui  iim  male  persons  heside  the 
elder  sister,  expialninif  lliut  il  repriweiils  her  liUhl/itnd.  Verify  tlie  teriiiK  for  liUNlMind  and  wile.  Wind  does  tlH'  liitlier  enM  hl»  ohh'r  (lilitirhter'w 
husliand?  wlial  docs  the  cider  ilaii;.'lilers  hiisliand  call  the  lallier?  what  does  tlie  mother  call  the  ctiicr  daii'-'lilers  hiisliaiid?  wliat  docs  tlie  elder 
daughter's  liiisliiiiid  call  Ihe  niiither?  In  like  inanner  jj;ive  a  wife  to  the  youiiyer  son,  and  a  hush  iiiil  to  tile  youiiKor  Uuii|i;liU.'r,  anil  ohtain  the  lerniM 
"ailed  lor  in  llic  schedule.  W'c  will  Mills  have  a  coinnlete  schediilc  used  to  denote  father,  niotlier,  son,  daicditcr.  lirollicr.  sislci'.  falhei'-in-iaw.  iiinthcr- 
!n-law.  soii-in-iaw,  dau,iihlci'-iii-la\\'.  liriiilii'i'-iii-;a\v,  sisler-in-law, 

li'-hiti'iti,thipx  iivisimi  frnvi  thr  fhinl  r/f-nf-r/tfiim. 

Now  take  a  stick  iruui  the  first  hundle  repre.se, ,iiiiK  male  pei'sons  and  place  il  lieiicaMi  the  eldest  sou  and  his  wife.  i'.  f.  In  a  third  raink.  KiiylUK 
to  the  Indian  thai  il  lepie^inls  ihcir  liist  son,  and  llnd  what  the  (.'riiinlfathcr  calls  his  L'riinilsoii ;  tlie  grandson  Ihe  'jiandfatlier;  the  ■.'nuidmotlier  tlie 
giandsoii;  the  ^rand.so;!  liie  grandmollier.  I'laee  a  slicii  from  tlie  lirst  hundle  ri'iii'eseiitiiiK  femule  iiei'.soiiti  In  the  siime  rank  with  the  lust  iiiiil 
e.\|ilaiii  that  this  is  the  eldest  daniililcr;  ascertain  what  the  fii'andiallier  call  his  son's  daiisihter;  what  the  son's  danijliler  calls  the  siraiidlalhcr:  tlie 
Uraiiilniolhcr  her  son's  liaiimiicr;  the  .son's  ilauiihlcr  her  sji'aiidmoihci'.  To  each  of  tile  oilier  couples  of  ilie  second  ^eiierutliiu  Kivc  a  son  and 
daiii.'htcr  ;  verify  the  words  for  •;i'anill'ather  and  'iraiidmotiier,  iVc.  as  far  as  ma.v  he  deslnihle. 

Tiien  ohlaiii  tcriiis  for  uncle,  aiinl,  nephew,  and  iiieee,  as  eiilled  for  In  the  schedule  lielow. 

In  like  mnntirrnhtnln  torms  ;'or  eouslns,  eouslti's  wivps,  mid  oousln's  huslianrts,  ns  enlled  for  in  tiie  schedul 


ili'cail\' n^ci! ;  these  will  represent 


Iti'hithmsfiiim  tiyitiiur  fvom  thi'  fmn-lh  tff'»fvfithni. 


:!br  -ItlV-oUl  w  iMi.fe*"rnii 

ito  vd  '-uix  .itit*,ii«ni4  x'totiiwuit)  !-■»()♦;< 


Now  coiiiiuuiice  with  the  fourth  ueiieratlon,  iind  olilalu  as  many  teriiiH  as  ixissihle,  foilowiiui  the  mclh.ids  and  rules  alinve  adopted.  Kxtend  till* 
Invcstiiratioii  as  far  as  possihle.  mil  lieiiii;  limiteil  liy  tlie  terms  called  for  In  the  schedule.  Then  ohiain,  liy  like  melhoas,  tlie  term  for  stci>fatlier, 
•teiwiiolher,  slei>-son,  ste|>ilau);lilcr,  step-brother,  stip-slsler.  ,.^  •('ki(.k>m  ''<»  htw  J.iUKi'iiti  <'fi«tihiuiih  ■iwtilM 


.  iHDtrfHHtl  »<i  hhnt.iHithntl  a-M'U 


Hkm.miks. 


It  will  he  ohserved  in  tlie  ilcseriptioii  aliove  liiat  the  eldest  male  speaks  tirst,  ami  liiat  the  person  to  wlioiii  he  is  ^|icakini.'  always  follows,  so  Unit 
the  reciprocal  rclatioiiship  appears  in  Juxtaposition  in  the  schedule,  isoinetlincs  this  reciprocal  relalioiishiii  will  he  expressed  liy  the  u.se  ol  ii 
coinmoti  term— as  for  example  the  crniidfnther  calls  the  jrriindson  hy  the  sniiie  term  as  the  irrandsoii  calls  the  Kfandllither,  hut  the  former  may  use  n 
dlinlnutlvc  form  of  the  wnnl. 

DlKtliicI  words  for  all  the  roltiUoUKlii|w  n  eutioned  in  thu  wihwlule  will  uiit  he  found,  Init  care  should  he  taken  to  till  our  all  the  Idanks  so  that 
the  nietliod  of  Uinshlii  liroiipiiif;  or  eiasslllcmion  of  reiallves  may  he  accurately  di'tcrmincd.  If  the  scladiilc  i-  lailliliilly  i..ll.iwc.l  ii!l  Mir  iinpoi  lani 
ibetswill  he  diseiivered, 

II  will  he  ohserved  thai  Ihe  words  ciilied  for  always  si);iiify  jh.i/ reiativi',  as  1,0/ fiither,  iii.i/ smi.  w,i/ luotliir,  Ac  In  most  lainiiumes  ihc  pronoun 
"luy  "  will  he  an  incorporated  pin  tiele;  in  a  lew  11,  will  not. 

The  method  of  uslnir  sticks  for  syniliolizini.'  iiersons  as  desci'lhcd  ahove  is  in  harniiiny  with  Indian  haliit- of  thouu'lil.  Tlic\  use  anioic.  tliciii- 
•elves  many  similar  syiiiliolic  inctliods,  and  an  iiitclliu'ent  India  11  will  easily  fol  low  tlie  collector  tht-onifii  ail  the  mazes  of  relatio:islilp  if  the  col  lector 
WinselflR  always  clear  and  inetiiodlc  lu  his  plan  of  presentation.  I'orthin  ivason  he  should  hecome  tliorouLii  master  of  the  suhlecl  hlniself  iicfore 
talking  with  the  Indians. 

^  '  i>lfl»,i»t(n>t' 


14 


I 


y 


lieliilioiiiihipa  (irininff  from  Ihe  firtl  and  micoiitt  iiriiimlliiiin. 

Enolmh. 

IlBMAHKO, 

Wll'c,  >*n\d  \ty  hUNhaiul 

Hiiiilmiul,  Kiilil  liv  wll'c — - 

Son,  sniti  liv  I'ntluT 

Fntlicr,  snld  l)y  »t)ii 

Soil,  snld  liy  mother.- 

MolluT,  said  b\- son    

D^iiiihter,  snld  liv  liitlicr 

Fntlifr,  sjitd  Uv  diuijihtcv ,.-  

Pauclitcr,  s:ild  liv  iiiiitlicr 

Mother,  sjiid  i)v  diititfhter 

YoiiniiiM-  sisli'r.  snld  by  eldiT  lirolher 

KIder  brother,  said  liv  vounyer  sister.  

\omitfer  hrother,  said  hv  elder  ijrother 

"-" "  ' 

Klder  brother,  said  by  yomitier  brother. 

Vonn^rer  brother,  saUl  by  elder  sister 

Klder  sister,  said  by  younner  brother-... 
Yoiiniier  sister,  said  by  ilder  sister 


Klder  sister,  said  by  yoiinu'er  slsler. 


Klder  son's  wife,  said  bv  father. 


Htisband's  father,  said  by  wile. 


Klder  son's  wife,  said  tiy  mother. 


Husband's  mother,  sahl  by  wife 


Klder  danahter's  hnslianil,  said  by  father. 


Wife's  fntliBr,  said  by  husband. 


Klder  ilanehter's  luisband,  said  by  mother.. 


Wife's  motlier,  sai<l  by  husband. 


VounKer  son's  wife,  said  by  liitlier. 


Husband's  fattier,  said  by  wife. 


Younger  son's  wife,  said  by  niothcr. 


Hnsliand's  mother,  snld  by  wife. 


YoniiftiT  dautfliter's  husband,  said  by  fatlier.. 


Wife's  father,  said  liy  liuslaind. 


Y'onnsier  il.uiifliler's  husband,  said  by  motlier. 


15 


lirhiliniuhl]>» nriMnrifrom  theftrnt  ami neenml  f/fi>priiHmiii—(  fditlii iici). 

Knolfkh. 

Rrmarkx. 

Wll'OK  iniithcr,  tmlil  by  l)nHl>Hn<l. 

Younger  KlBtfr'slnisbuiid.Bnlil  byelder  brotlii-r 

Wife's  elder  brother,  Brtid  by  himband 

HiiKbHiid'H  yoimifer  HlBter,  siild  by  wife. _ 

Eider  brot.her'8  wife,  Kiild  by  yonnjter  slKt<>r 

Hiisbund'H  younger  Klster's  biisbimd,  wild  by  wife 

Wife's  elder  brother's  wife,  siild  by  husband 

Yonntrer  brother's  wife,  siild  by  elder  brother 

Hiisbiuid's  elder  brother,  khIiI  by  wife 

Husband's  ,vounifer  brother,  saiii  by  wif*.' 

p;iiler  brother's  wife,  said  by  younifer  brother 

Husband's  youniicr  brother's  wife,  said  by  wife  . 

Husband's  elder  brother's  wife,  said  by  wife 

Youiitfer  brother's  wife,  said  by  elder  sisler 

Husband's  elder  sister,  said  by  wlfe._ 

Wife's  younsrer  brother,  said  by  husband 

KIder  sister's  buslmml,  said  by  yiainjier  lirolher_^ 

Wife's  ycaintrer  brother's  wife,  said  by  huslmnd  _ 

Husbands  elder  sister's  husband,  said  by  wlfe..__ 

Yonuifer  sister's  husband,  said  by  elder  sister 

Wife's  elder  sister,  said  by  husband. 

Wife's  youiijrer  sister,  said  by  husband. 

Elder  sister's  husband,  salii  by  younu'er  sister 

Wife's  .vounprer  sister's  husband,  said  by  busbnnd. 



Wife's  elder  sister's  husband,  said  by  husband 

16 


Jti'Idlioiiifiipii arisinsijrom  Uir  IhiiU  i/rneriUiun. 


KSUHSll. 

Ukmauxh. 

J%Idi'r  soii'.^  son,  smmI  h\  i;r:ui(liiiiilln'r   _ 

CiraiHliiml  Iut,  sniil  li\'  i-lil^'i'  sitii's  son 

til'ainlliit  her,  siii<l  l»\'  chli-i"  'huij;! iter's  son 

iCUicr  iliiniililrr's  ).luiiy:Iiti'i',  siilil  \>\'  iii'Mnillatlior 

I'.lilcr  il;,nLrliUM''s  sun,  s;ii(l  i>\  ;ii'iiniininthrr  -    _ 

lUtlf'i*  (ItiuxliliTs  (laiiiihti'r,  siiiil  bv  ;_rninlniotln'r.. 

(iramlnHtt  III!',  salil  l»\  rI*U'r  itaiii;ii*n.'r'.->  tlaiiLtlil'M" 

VuiiniitT  >oir>  xiii,  saiil  l>v  j;)'aiiiiiat lirr 

tivamil'ai  III')',  siiiii  li\   \nuni;i'r  son's  son 

1 
(ii'unilt'allH'i*,  saitl  ')\  \i»unj;t'r  son's  ilaimhti'i' 

Younjjcr  son's  sun,  saUl  \>\  >;ran<huotlu'r 

Gnuuhnollit'r,  said  h\  vmniuri'  son'>  son 

Yonniit'i'  son's  ilanjilitor,  suit,!  I)\'  gi'andniot  Iwr 

Youniicr  (lauiiliti*i''s  son,  saltl  by  j^i'aiull'at  litT 

Youniicrdauiilitcr'silau^^htci*, saUl  liyt^raniiralhcr. 
(inindlathrr,  salil  by  yonnKfrdanu'litcr'sdauirhti-r. 
YounmT  (lan^btcrs  son,  saitl  liv  ui'iiU'Unothi'i' 



Ciranthnoilifi",  sabl  by  vounj^cr  danyhttT's  son         '- 

Yovinj?*'!'   (iaugbtcr's   ilautfliltT,    suUl    by    graml- 
mnttinr. 

(irandniolhrr,  salil  by  youni^cr  tlauijblcr's  ilauirb- 
tor. 

Yomi^i'i'  sisU-r's  son,  sahl  by  luifk' 

-El 


Ell 


Fill 


Ell 


M< 


Ell 


MJ 


KlJ 


»I. 


ElJ 


11. 


•  l 


17 


Rrltiiloiuhlpf  nrliHnfr /mm  ttip  third  flrejufrorton— Continued, 


Rifitr.TflR, 


Rkmahk*!. 


Mothor'H  eidw  tirothoi',  hhUI  by  nephew.. -j _    _ 

Younger  Hlster'K  duiulitor,  (luUl  hy  uncl«'„ I 

I 
Motliiii's  tildoi'  brotlii'i',  Kiild  hy  niece.. ,....„ 

yoiniKi'i-  brolhor's  Kon,  waid  by  uncle... ..i. i. ..._....._ . ^ ^i. 

i 
Fathcr'H  elder  brother,  miid  by  nephew i. ....... ., . .... 

Yovinger  brother's  iliiuo[hter,  stiid  by  undo \ I.... _ ....i>. 

Ii'ftther'H  el(h     I  brother,  siild  by  nlceo _ 

KIder  brolherti  kou,  said  by  aunt.. I ._ _ 

Father's  younifer  sister,  said  by  nephew : 

Klder  brdllier's  daiivhtvr,  .said  by  aunt |. ......_. _ 

F»ther'H  younger  8lHter,  .suld  by  niece _ , i-.. 

Youniter  lirothcr'sson,  said  by  aunt -... _ 

Father's  elder  sister,  suld  by  nephew i .. . 

Y'oiiiiKer  brother's  dnu«htGr,  siiid  by  aunt... - - 

Father's  elder  sititer,  suld  by  niece ■ i.. 

.  YouJiuer  sister's  son.  said  by  aunt , ...... 

Mother's  elder  sister,  said  by  nephew .— ... 

-Youinfer  sister's  dauichter,  sulil  liy  nuiit.. .- 

Mother's  elder  sister,  .said  by  nleee  .... .... . - . . 

.Khler  brother  s  son,  said  by  uit<!le .. ......._.- . : ..„......._. . .- 

.yatbrr's  youimer  broti.er,  said  by  nephew  . 

fclder  brother's  dauuhti'r.  said  by  unele .. .Ji. 

Father's  youutfer  biDlher,  said  by  nleee _ ..... i. 

Elder  sister's  son,  said  by  uncile - - 

Motbei-'s  youiitfer  brother,  said  by  nephew . . — . . ..... 

Kldi'r  sishT's  ilanifliter,  sa'd  by  un<  le -.-. - L.. - 

pother's  yoiniwcer  brother.  s»id  by  niece _ ^.... 

Spider  sister's  son,  said  by  aunt . . — j.. ...... . ...w ..... .. 

Itother's  younaer  sister,  Kal<l  by  nephew , . ...i<'-- 

Eldir  sister's  danuhter,  said  by  aunt , ■ . 

:%othoi's  youuBer  sister,  said  by  niece ..j . _ 

■musbaiid's  younger  sister's  son.  said  by  aunt  .. j .._... . .-Ji. 


Ruthiu's  elder  brother's  wife,  said  by  nephew. 

.5 


1« 


JUihiHonthiptaritltw/rmn  Ihe  third  (/«i<n-a«toti— Coullnued. 


KNOIiIHB, 


iliislMtncl's   yi. linger   i-lsti'i's   daUKliti'i',   Milil    by 
iiiiiii. 

Mothi'i's  cUU'r  lirotlnTs  wlfi',  snIU  Ity  niece 

Musbaud'H  younger  lirotlicrs  son,  sulci  liy  tiuiit  — 
Fother's  elder  brotliers  wife,  said  by  nepliew 


Hkmakk," 


Hiisbimd's  youngtr  brotlier's  duugliter,  siiUl  by 
iiiiiii. 


Father'ti  older  brother's  wife,  said  by  nieee 

Wiles  elder  brother's  son,  suld  by  uncle 

Father'syounmerslsier's  luisban>l,  said  by  ucphew. 


I 


Wife's  elder  brother'',  daiii-'hter,  said  l)y  iiiicie ; j 

Father's  younger  sister's  husband,  said  liy  niece  ..| i, 

Wlfe's  younKer  brother's  son,  said  liy  uncle |. 

Father's  elder  sister's  husband,  said  by  ni.iiliew ;. 

Wife's  younyer  brother's  daughter,  said  by  uncle-,. _.. -j. 

Father's  elder  sister's  husband,  said  by  niece _ \- 

Wlfe's  younger  sister's  son,  said  by  uncle , .-|- 

Mother  s  elder  lister's  husband,  said  by  neiiUow  — 
Wife's  younger  sister's  daughter,  said  by  uncle,. 

Mother's  elder  sister's  husband,  said  by  niece 

Husband's  elder  brother  s  son,  said  by  aunt 

Fatlier's  younger  brother's  wife,  siiid  by  nephew.. 
Husband's  elder  brother's  daughter,  said  by  aunt. 

Father's  younger  brotlier's  wife,  said  by  niece 

Husband's  cider  sister's  son,  said  by  aunt 

Mother's  younger  brother's  wife,  said  by  nepliew-. 
Husband's  elder  sister's  daughter,  said  by  aunt  — . 

Mother's  younger  brother's  wife,  said  by  niece 

Wife's  elder  sister's  son,  said  by  uncle ]. 

Mother's  youngerslster's  husband,  said  by  nephew.! 

Wife's  elder  sister's  daughter,  said  by  uncle j 

Mother's  younger  sister's  husband,  said  by  iiieco— i 
Father's  younger  sister's  son,  said  by  mule  cousin-j 
Mother's  elder  brother's  son,  said  by  mule  cousin. i : _ *' 


t 


-I- 


I 


Father's  younger  sister's  daughter,  said  by  male   ... 
cousin.  I 


W 


19 


HeUillonthipt  ariiiiiff  front  tlu  third  ae)itraiivitr~Vontinue)l. 


GMttiaitM. 


UU.HAHIM. 


Motliur's filler brother'HNon, wild  liy  female rounliK 


Futliui's    .V(>uii(j(j|'   lii'Dtuei's    soil,  sulil    Ijy   iiialu 
ciitiHln, 

Fiilliir'H  i/lilir  brollHM-'s  son,  huUI  by  iimlu  iouhIii.. 


Fatlifi'iijuiiiigfr  l>ri)tlitrBaiui(j;liti  T,  sulil  l.y  iiiiile 
cmislii. 

Kutlitr's  clili'i'  1)1-1)1  lic^-.s  sun,  kiiIiI  by  fVimili-  cuuhIii. 


Futlier'H    yoiiiiytT    Nlstcrs    boh,  siiiU    by    leiiiiile 
louslii. 

Alollicr's  i;kkT  brothor'rt  (liui(j;lilei-,  hiiIiI  bv  male 
eouslii. 

Fntlii'i'S  younger Klsler'sUiiiiylilfr.siiiil  bv  leiimlo 
toiisln. 

Motiiur  B  ekler  brother's  iliingliler,  siilil  by  ri-niule 
cousin. 

Father's  younger  lirotlier  s  ;;i)ii,  saicl  by  leiiiale 
eousln. 

Fallurs  elder  brother's  iluughter,  said  bv  male 
eousln. 

Father's  youngi.T  brothers  daughter,  .-idd  bv  li<- 
iiiaie  eousln.  '         ' 

Father's  elder  brother's  dauglner,  saiil  bv  lemale 
eousln.  '  *  ' 

Mother's    younger  brother's  son,   said    bv   male 
eousln. 


Father's  elder  sister's  son,  said  by  male  eousiii- 


Wother'syounger  brother's  daughter,  said  l)v  male 
eousln. 

Father's  elder  sister's  son,  said  by  lemale  cousin... 


Jlotlier's  younger  brother's  son,  said  bv  lemale 
cousin. 

Father's   elder   sister's  daughter,  said  liv    male 
eousln. 

Mother's  younger  brother's  daughter,  said  by  le- 
uiale  eousln. 

Father's  elder  sister's  daughter,  said  by  female  : 
eousln.  I 

Mother's  younger  sister's  son,  said  by  male  cousin. 
Mother's  elder  sl.ster's  son,  said  by  male  cousin  ... 


Mother's  younger  sister's  daughter,  said  by  mule  1 
cousin.  p 

Mother's  elder  sister's  son,  said  by  female  eousln... 


Mother's   younger  sister's  son,  said   bv  female  i 
cousin.  '  I 

Mother's  elder  sister's  daughter,  said   bv  imile 
eousln. 

Mother's  younger  sister's  daughter,  said  by  female 
cousin. 

Mother's  elder  sister's  daughter,  said  by  female 
cousin. 

Father's  younger  sister's  son's  wife,  said  bv  male 
cousln-ln-luw. 

jHusbaiids  mother's  elder  brother's  son,  said  by 
lemale  cousln-ln-law. 

.father's  younger  sister's  daughter's  husband,  said 
by  male  eousln-ln-law. 

P'ife's  mother's  elder  brother's  son,  said  bv  male 
cousin-in-law. 


~.M 


30 


HrliillfiiiHhlpn  mlnlnu />-im  Die  thirti  /7e)i>T(»«mi— TontlllUIMV 


I 


Ksor.rtM. 


Pnfhcr'n  yoiinurr  biotlifr's  eon's  wifr,  nuM    by  i 
ninlf  ri>ii'*lii-in-la\v, 

HuKhnnd'H  t'nthor's  elder  ln'otlicr's  son,  milil  by 

ft'limli'  criuslu-ill-lliw. 


Knther'H  yoninft'i'  brollipr'n  ilnimhtcr  m  IiusImiihI, 
Willi  by  mall'  I'mi'lM-lii-liiw. 

Wife's  liitlici'!'  Plder  briilher's  moii,  uHld  by  iinilo 
(■i)ii>lM-ln-Unv. 

HimlMind'B  tiithpr>'  yminger  Mister's  son.  snld  by 
leinaP'  i.'ini«ln-in-hi\v. 

Mother'.i  elder  brother's  son's  wile,  said  by  niiile  i 
rini.sln-iu-liiw. 

Hiisliflnd's  fatlier'a   younger  sister  »  son's  wile, 
s.iiil  b\  I'eniMii' I'oiisln-ln-luw. 

Hnsbmid's  inotlier's  elder  brother's  son's  wile, 
siilil  by  i?iniile  eonsln-in-hiw. 


Rkmark^. 


.'l.';-i.yis«.«.i.;WiiJ. 


Husband's  I'lttlier's  yoiiinser  sister's dHUxhter,  said 

by  11  iii.ile  i-mistn-ln-l:nv.  j  '" 

Mother's  elder  brother's -on  s  wife,  said  l>.v  feniiile -I - u— . ..i.!.— .J,jiXMi'.i. 

eiinsl'.i-!ii-lic" .  '  I  11.111'.  • 

^ J - ......:.:A.Ufiii>.i- 


IT.  •*  '■.  ■,  .11.11 


Husband's    I'Kther's    ,v<iiinifer   sister's  dani^liler's 

lilli-liiiliil.  said  by  tcnial.'  eiillslM-lll-law. 

Wife's  mother's  eliler  lirother's  son's  wile,  said  liy 
mule  eouslli-il'.-lii.w. 

Husband's  lather's  yoiinner  bioiher's  son,  said  l>y  1 _ I _. '.. J-.iAiyJiii'J . 

lemali' eiiu-lii-iii-hiw.  '  .  -iinii 

FBther's  elder  brother's  son's  wile,  said  by  male  !_ ' ,. -— ^.i,iUiU'.l{- 

eonsill-in-lnw.  i  iMIJ.r, 

Hustatrd's  fathei's  youiixer  brother's  son's  wife, 

said  by  I'-'muie  eoii>lii-in-law. 

Huslmiid's  faiher'H  elder  brother's  son's  wife,  said 

l»y  11  mail  enusin-ln-iaiv. 

Husbands  lather's  younxer  brothers  daui/hler, 
said  iiy  I'linale  eoiislii-!n-law, 

F»lher's  elder  bi'othei 's  son's  wile,  ■.ai<l  by  I'emale 
e<.>isln-iii-!av. 

Husband's  father's  youniter  brother's  daughter's 

huibi.mi.  said  by  I'emali ii-iin-in-iaw. 

Wife's  father's  elder  hrotlier's  son  s  wile,  said  by _■  __. .>:At..''.J:'jii'Jlil.l2^Ji'Ji,ii.:L2Jii'~l(.- 

male  eiia>in-in-I,iw.  .iiT-'en  ■'•■fo 


Al:,ii. 


;jjd\ 


F»ther'syoum<ersi8ters  son's  wife,  said  by  female 

eou-iii-in-iaw. 

Husband's  motlnir's  eliler  brother's  daughter,  said 

tiy  I'eiHi.U'  <*ijiisln-in-law. 

Father's  yonniter  sister's  daunhter'a  huBiland,  said 

by  fi'inale  euii-iii-ln-law. 

Husbivnil'i-mother'selder  lirotlier'sdaUKhter,  said 

by  mail'  i-onsin-in-la\\\ 

Fatlier's  yoiumer  hmtiier  s  son's  wile,  said  by  fe- 
mal''  I'onilii-in-hnv. 

Huslaind  s  father's  elder  brother's  daughter,  said 

liy  I'DiiMle  ciMf-iii-ln-law. 

Father's  yonimer  brother's  daiiichter's  luisbiuul, 

said  by  fi-male  (iinsin-iii-law. 

Wife's  fttUier's  elder  brother's  damiiiter,  said  l).v 

male  eou-in-ln'-law. 

Wife's  li«ther  s  yonneur  sister  s  son  s  wife,  said  b.v 
male  eiir.siii-iii-law. 

Husband's  laother's  elder   brother's  dauxhter's 

biiiliaiid,  said  liy  leiaale  cousin-in-law. 

Wife's  lather's  younver  sister's  duut;hter's  hus- 

liand,  said  by  male  eousiii-iu-law. 

Wife's  mother's  eUlor  brother's  ilauuhter's  hus- 
band, said  by  male  eonsln-ln-law. 

Wife's  father's  younger  brother's  son's  wife,  S»1U 
by  male  eousiu-in-law. 


.nl?ir..-i 

:l2i:j.:aiuiu.:.:;jiljii. . 

.___ ii5iiiAJZy.i.i.'il.'.ii.'i.'i!i^i6- 


1  iMUiisii.i.iiii 'o  I' 

.'iT^ao™"" 


.i::.l:}jiit!MsiSJi}j;l::.kiL^2.^UilA>Jj-. 


.oTiiiTii  1 

.11  Ulan 

.—I: -.JJjiiiMliX!liUXV»iiJJ^J,±:iJAl:lE. 

.ilT-i!'!'. 

.„>Jji:y:^i.ji:jLUdi-^iiU!it<eiiJiiU&Li:i:iit!i!.4:'ii'itii!l'- 
1  .iinij'« 


.■«i:r-'Tf-l(;^lJO'> 

.._.;_rjiii'i'i±xi»k»i.i24!i'itU-«.iJii'i(i-iii. 
.«..r..rn~,i  .■.. tirim.'A 


,.L..^..,.....^..,:,is;i.s.i;!ililiiiLi^LU.i.Ji!4ivi!;-iJiU;i. 

1  'll,I-il?-i|l»lJO'l 


^ 


H-liillimfhl]U  trrlftnji  fi-wn  Ihi-  Ihlnl  7cii<'iv(^(m--('imtliiiii(l. 


■i 


..>iiJi^iiAMU^ii.J. 

II!- I 

„-. u'ia.4.uuJit'3^ 

iSii.....----.— ^;»W*l'J- 
...UiilJiW. 

i„i;.iJiWalt. 

.rfl-Tl'l-t 

.^■JtJl.WUJ/iJ- 

(1I«1).  >■' 

.iii-ii"  ' 

!.l.':;i-.^utijf.a.'.,UllJi!.'i- 
.•..i;i;,lJ.l'Jil'.l 

,    mn'i 

— --^-w-r, — 

.iL'-i,).i.iJiLuli- 

-.TLit.)'. 

.■  ;'..J.l'.'i.'.-- --■.'■i»--- 

'" .11"-""  ■ 

:i:;iiiii.:ii:-- — ■- 

.iAJib.i-i).'i'.'.ii.'ii'iii^i-- 

.:'j.-.'.\i'iiaii!£i.ii.'iUi!i:'- 

.hThIiiim 

-•  )  ■■•-I-  Liiii!.'i:..tii-'^l'-!i^-- 
.iiT'i-  '■• 

.iiiSij'-') 
'  •  JUS  ■i'jiauiiiil;uii.y«,'l 

.■Wi:f-0'-rl.'^lI'"V 

■"/.  .".riii^ji  ■■!  'Aitm'A 
""■  "        "T.iti  TT 

•M,'-Ol-'lI'l(l>  1 


RMii.tMrt. 


Ilti'<liiinil>'  liillirf  Hflili'i'liri>tlirr'MiliMi«lilrr  K  lilli»- 
ImiiiiI.  -uid  'i.v  li'iimlf  i'(ill»lli-ili  iiiw, 

Wlti>'H  ftilhor'H  .VfiiiiimT  lirntlii'l''r»  ilnli«:lit>'i''»  hii«- 
liiiiiil,  siitd  liy  iiiiil tislii-lii-liiw. 

Wlft'""  Hither  «elilHrl>r<)tliHrViliiiiirlitt'r'i<hiiHl>iiiiil, 

Miilcl  liy  iiiiilr  ciuimIm-Im-Iiiw. 

Mothnr'M  yn\iinf»»r  hnttlnT'H  Him**-  wtr'r,  Hiitil   li>' 

lllllli'  cixl.llll-lll-lilW. 

Hn'*hnntr«  l>*thtT'M  f'lih»r  «l!«t»'r'«  w»m,  mhIiI  hy  li*- 
llllllr  riillsjii-lu-l.m. 

Mi'thfr'B  yoiiiiTi'i'  liiitllii'    h  iduiKlitiTM  IiiihI>iiii<<, 
wild  liy  iiiiili'iiinslii-lii-liiw. 

Wtfc'M  flifhpr'M  cldiT  wtxti'r'f  «iiii.  »iilil   li,\'  iniilo 
iiiiihln-ln-liiw. 

Miithi'i'K  y<iiimri'r«lMliT'!4  «iir-i  wit",  wild  liy  iiiiili' 

fiiiisiii-ln-iiiw. 


Hii»hnnd>  tmitluT"?*  »*ii|rr  si-^it-rN  hmii.  'Jiiid  by  t'c- 
iiitiU'  i*nii^ln-!ii-I'iw. 


Mnthpr'H    ynitmrt»r   KlstiM-'s  dniiu'litiM-'s    hn^linnd, 
Mtiil  liy  iiKili  '••iiislii<tti-liiii . 

W1t>''»  Hiothor'**  I'Idrr  siitt-t'V  smi.  Mjiiil  li>-  iiniii' 
niusiii-jii-law. 

HlHilinnd'n  inntlicfs  yininv'i'i"  liriitlirr'»  sun  »  wH'r, 
siild  li>"  Ii'iiiiih-  nill>lli-lll-ln\\. 

Hlislinnrt's  til  tiK'r'H  I'll  Icrslsli'i'w  son  M  \\  itc.Hnid  liy 
li'iiialc  r<iii»iii-iri-liiw. 


Hiishnnd'M  miiHipr'*!  yminirpt-  lirnttu*r's  iliiii^rhd' 
iiiivliand,  snhl  liy  r''ni;iif  cniiNiii-lii-hiw. 


■Wife's  liitlior'M  i-ldiT  MWlcr'-i  snii-  «-ili',  -^iild   liy 
tiiiili'  (•iiiis1ii-Iii-Imw. 

I 

:  Hiisliiinri'.**  mfithoi''s  yoiiniriM*  sNlfr's  sun's  wtir.  1- 
siild  liy  rciiiali'  I'liiishi-lii-lau-. 

Hnslmnd's  motliiT's  idih'r  sister's  sun  k  wile,  said  j 
)i>  (einiile  riiiisjn  in  law.  : 

Hiisbantl's  yonnifer  sister's  daiifftiter's  hnsiiand.  1 
said  liy  I'einale  eiMisiM-lM-!aw. 

Wife's  miither's  elder  sisters  sun's  wife,  said  liy  \ 
male  eiinsin-in-Iew. 

[  "Wife's  fattier's  youn'.rer  sister's  sun,  said  hy  nia'e 
eimsi!\-iii-law. 

jMother's  elder  lirntiKir'sdaitjfiiters  liiisliand,  said  |- 
liy  male  eniisin-lii-liiw. 

Wife's  father's  .vniimier  sister's  daimhter.  said  li.v 
nial usin-in-la\\'. 

Mother's  elder  lirotlier'K  sister's  liiislianci,  said  li.v  ! 
fennile  eousin-ie-law. 

"Wtfij'sftithpr's.votiniiiT  lireither'ssdii.sairl  b.v  male  U 
eoiisin-in-hiw.  "  ' 

Father's  elder  brrither's  dnnehter's  husband,  said  1 


Hkmakkm. 


Uy  male  eimsip  in-law. 

Wife's  Ihther's  .vunnarer  brother's  daimhter,  said 
by  male  eouslii-in-law. 

Father's  elder  brother's  dauarhter's  hnsiiand,  said 
liy  female  I'oiisln-iii-hiw. 

Hiisliand's  mother's  yonneer  brother's  son.  said 
by  female  eiiiisln-i  n-la\^■. 

Father's  elder  sister's  son's  wife,  said  b.v  male 
eousln-lii-hiw. 

%  Husband's  mother's  younger  brother's  dauirhter, 
Vj         said  by  female  eunsln-in-law, 

Fnther's  ehter  sister's  son's  wife,  S!ild  liy  femiile 
I'onsin-in-law. 

Husband's  motlier's  younger  sister's  son,  said  b,v 
female  eonsin-in-la\v, 

iMotlier's  elder  sister's  smi's  wife,  said  by  male 
eotisin-in-Iaw, 


; 


# 


Hi 


22 


liihUitmHliiiM  'ft'iilnti/futn  thi-  Ihifil  ititu  ntlimi    t  'oiil  liiiiiil. 


bNiil.lHII. 


lIllnlMlllil   l>     IMIitlK'I'h      .MlllllUi'r    hIkIi'I'  !<    llllll|.'l>t<'l', 
illlll  ll,V   ri'JIIIll lll»lll-lll-lll\V. 

Miitlii'r'N  rlilcr  nI^Icth  koh'h  wirr,  khIiI  Ii.\  li'iiiiili' 
i'ipu«lii-lii-hi\>. 

.Miilllrrs  .MillllKIl- lilcillirl''»  mih'.-  wili', -lllil   li.V  li'- 
mull'  roii^lii-lii-hiw. 

Hu»lmiul'N.\'iiiinii'l'lii'iillii'i'»iliiimlili'r^<  IiiikIhiimI, 


IhIiIIIIiI  N.\'ll|IIKl'l'lil'<>lMI'l'  »>lll 

Milil  liv  ri'iiiiili i>lii-lii-liiw 


Motlii'r  H  yi>tuiK<'i'  l>i'i>tli>'i' x  (liiiiKlili'i'b  luihliiiiicl, 
Mild  tiy  Irmiil iiblii-lii-liiw. 

Will'  h  lilt  lii'r»i'lik'i>i>il<T'Mliiiulili'i',»»i<l  I'.v  II  lull' 
ciillslll-lll-lliW. 

Miilli('r'.>  .V'liiiiKi'i'  ►IsU'i'"  Mill  h  will',  Nilil  li.\    li'- 
iiiiili' riiiiblii-lii-linv, 

IllinliiiiiilV  iiiiilliiii' n  I'lil.r  '•UIi'I'k  iliiimiilri',  shIiI 
li.v  fi'liiilli'  i'i)ll^lii-lli-la«. 

MiiIIr'I   »    ,\llllll|!l'l'    Hi^•tl'l'  K    lIllllullli'l'V     IiiikIiiui.I, 

Miilil  liy  friiiiilr  0  )ii»lii-lii-lii\v. 

\V'lU''s  uiiitlirrx  rlili'r  Kisicr's  ihiiitfliti'i',  miIiI  liy 
mail'  i'iiiinIii-Iii-I;i\\. 

WIfo'K  iiiiillii'i''»i  yiiiiiiuri'  linillii'i''s  sun,  miIiI  liy 

lll'lIlM'llll>lll-lll-!ll\V. 

FHlliiTKiililri  t.i'li'i''>.ilaiii!lil('i'  -  luihliiiiiil,  Miiil  liy 
miili' cmislii-lii-liiw. 

\VUr'»  liiiillirr  syiiuiitfi'l'  lii'utlii  r'."  suns  wil'i',  siilil 
I'y  mull'  riiiislii-ln-l.iM'. 

HiiHliiuurs  lallii'i  s  I'kli-r  sIkii'I's  ilmailiii'i's  liiis- 
liiiUil,  Slllll  liy  fi'llllllr  riillslll-lll-iinv. 

W'llti^  iiKiiluT's  vimiiKi'i'  linitliiT's  (iMiiiilih-r,  siiUl 
liy  niiili'  niiislii-lii-liiw. 

l''iillii'i''.ii'lili'i'«lsl('rsiliiiiyiiti'i's  liiisli;iiiil,saiil  liy 

frmilliTllllslll-lll-lllW. 

WH'i'siiiiitlii  r'syiiiiiiBrrldiillu'r'MliumlUi'r'sliiis- 
liiiinl.  Slllll  liy  iiimIc  riiiisln-lii-linv. 

AVllV's  iiitlirr's  cliU'i-  slsti'V's  ilmi^hlri  s  luislmml, 
Slllll  liy  iiiiilr  iMiiislii-lii-law. 

Wile's  iiiiitliri's  yiiiiimi'i'  slslrr's  sun,  saiil  liy  iiiiilt" 

l'ullslll-lll-l:IW. 
MullllT's  rllllT  sIsllTS   ilnll;;lllrrs    lltisliiiiul,  slllll 

liy  iiiiiU'  I'liiislii-lii-liiw. 

Will's  iiiiillii'i'°s  yiiiiiiiiii'  slsli'i's  sun's  will',  saiil 
liy  iiKili"  ciuisln-in-ltiw. 

lliisluinil's  mulhi'i's  flUi'i- sIsUT's  iliiiiylilor's  liiis- 
liiinil,  Slllll  liy  fi'iiiali'  rutisln-ln-liiw. 

Wile's  iiiiitlii'i's  yminni'i'  sislor's  iliiii|,'liU'r,  siilil 
liy  mill! uslii-ln-lii\v. 

llutlu'i's  I'lilir  slsli'i's  iliiU);liti'r  s  liuslntinl,  siiliI 
liy  I'riiiiili'  iimslii-lii-law. 

Will's  miitlii'i''s  yuiinjji'r  slstrrs  ilaugliU'i's  1ms- 
liiiinl.  siild  liy  mull'  riiiisln-ln-liiw. 

Wile's  mutlicr's  I'lili'i'slsti'i'siliiii'.'liii'r's  luisliiiml, 
Slllll  by  mull'  I'uiislii-lii-liiw. 


Kkmakkm. 



— . ^ ., — ... 

^H»« 


tfrh'flotiJififfM  fH'fMiiif/ /I'otn  th»' /imrfh  i/**nrftifi'tn. 


«    ^. 


K!t(|l.ll*H, 


I 


IriMii  KniiKl-Dii,  Hiilil  liy  irri-iil  ki'iuhIiiiIIki' 

Itiiit  i.'1'itiKinitlii'r,  Kiild  liy  ui'ciil  iri'iiiiclwiji     

Iri'Mt  irniiiilniiii.  hhIiI  Iiv  uri'iit  Kriiiiilriiollu'r 
■  I'c4it  unitidnioilit'i*,  s:)l(l  l>.v  i^i'fitt  uiiiipK'Hi 
livnl  itniiiililniiKliIi'i',  •'iilil  liy  ifi'viil  u'l'Miiiirnllu'r 
ll'ciu  uniii'lliilliir, '•Mill  l>y  uiviil  uniiiililniiuliliT 
irt-iki  LM'tniililjiiiulili't',  '•Mill  h>-  u'rcitt  LTHtHlriinthfi' 
ii't'iil  L'niihliiiotlii'r,  siilil  liy  u'i'fiil  uriiiiil'lMiiulil"r 

inuiil-iM  nhrw,  siilil  liy  uniiiil-iiiR'lc 

iriiiMl-tnx'li',  Mil«l  ''>  i/i'autl-Mr|ilM'w    

iniii.l-iii'|ilii'W,  -iilil  U\  irnniil-iiiiMI. 

•  riuiil-niliK.  siiiil  Iiv  liriuiil-iifplu'W- 

Iriiiiil-iiirri'.  -alil  ii\  t'riiiiil-iiMcIf 

Jniiiil-tini'li'.  ^iuil  li\  lii-imil-jiiriT 

fniiiil-iiiiTi',  -.iilil  l,y  t  riiiiil-iiiiiil  _ 

irnnil-Miiiil.  s.ilil  liy  LM'iinil-fili'iM' 


UHMAItkM. 


I      .'   II- -I  Ix  .1      <  I 


l;l.iti,  liliil  .'■ 


il-.i  Hi..,! 


Hli'li-Mili,  -Mill  liy  "li'ii-rMllli'f 

Sll'|i-lM',luT.  -Mill    liy  -ll'|i-iilll    

Hli'li-sini,  -Mill  liy  -li'|i-iiiiilliiM' _.. 

Sti'ji-tniitliiT.  -iiiil  liy  -lc|i->ii>li  

Sti'iMlMii'-'litiT.  -Mill  liy  sIcivrMlMor 

Htl'lt-lilllllT,  -Mill  liy  -ll)l-ilMll!illl('l' 

Bli'|i-ilMiii;litcr,  -Mill  liy  sti'ii-mnllu-,'... 
Sti'p-iiiiitliiT.  smIcI  liy  SlliwiMllL'lllCl'.. 


/( 


-pf 


m 


I 


24 

III  MiMir-  I  III  I  Inn  hiii!inii'_'os  llici-i'iirc  ci'i'tiiln  wiinls  iisnl  I'ur  tin.'  luimu.*  ol  I'liiUln-n,  >;lvi-ii  lliciii  In  llir  nnli'iiil'tlwli'  lilrlli,  mi  tl.iit  llio  i  lillil's  iiiinii> 
liHlh';itrs  llif  onl.Tuf  lis  lilrtli.  TliciT  iiiv  two  sots  (if  tlirsc  wiinls,  onp  set  ln'lnt;  Klvcii  ti>  iiiiili's,  tlic  (itlicr  tn  IVniiilcsj  thus,  If  tlu'  llrsi  'mfn  is  a  \nty, 
I'.i' tnkps  his  iiiinir  from  tlif  ninlc  set;  If  n  irli'l.  her  nmiio  fmni  Ihi-  friimli'  srt ;  tticsi' worils  will  Ihci-cfori'  linvr  tin'  siu'iiKlciitlmi  of  llrsi  Imrn.  sirond 
hain,  tliini  liorii,  rlc,  ilmii'^'h  tlir  iiuiiiiTiils  iiiiiy  iiol  rntcr  Into  thoir  coiiiposltlon.    Thriv  niii\'  ln'  viirliilioiis  of  this  phin. 

If  siifli  a  lijstcm  In  not  ftiuml,  ithsi-  "is  iiaiiiad"  fioni  the  si'liiiliiU'r.iul  ohtiilii  tlu-  I'liiilvali'iit  of  tin'  [ilifasc  thus  cliniiuoil. 


'"T' 


KMil.lMI. 


Till- 
Thr 
The 
Thi' 
Tin- 
The 
Tlu' 
Till' 
Till' 
Tin- 
The 
Till' 
Tin- 
The 


I 


lli-st  liorn  child  ilf  miilf   Is  nnnir.l  -   .     _ 
llrst  lioni  chilli   If  I'l'iinili'    i^  iinincl 
sfcoiid  horn  child    ii"  iiiiilc   is  named  ... 
sci'oiul  lioni  child    i;  Icinalc   is  ikiiiiimI  _ 

third  hor.i  child  lil'  iiiai.     is  iiaiiii'd 

thin'  noni  child  if  female  is  named  ... 
loiiith  horn  child  if  male  Is  named  _-. 
fonrlh  hnni  <-hiid    if  female.  Is  nameil. 

liflli  horn  ciilld  -if  mall"  is  named 

tifth  hoi-ii  clilld  I  if  lemaiei  is  nanied  1... _ -.| 

sixth  horn  .dilld    if  male   is  named 


I 


IlKMAKUs.    M  .nu^iiinu.umu\         j 


.lo^luij.ii;  rHini>/U  li)w<  ,i<>ijl»ll>imiii  ti.  ■ 

,1  .t    tf4i*ll'-lV    llf^-i*!   VlJ    UilirV  ,HO,^J.O 

,.  I-, II  or.'ru   ,.(  I. IS.    1  iil/..0'(.e 


isl.il'.tu    .■•'    i.O' 


sixth  horn  child    i    tema'c    is  named 

seventh  horn  child    If  male   Is  named 

~evenlh  honi  child    if  fci'iiili-i  is  named 


Male  or|ihaii.  fatliei-  Ai-.M 

Male  orpha II.  mother  dead _ 

Mule  or|ihaii,  father  and  inoiher  dead-.. 

Female  orphan,  father  liead __ 

I-'emalc  orphan,  mother  tlcad 

Kcmali'  orphan,  father  and  mother  dead  . 

Kalher  whose  (.hildivn  have  all  died 

Mother  whose  children  have  all  died 

Son  horn  after  thedeath  of  father  ._ 

Ihiti^hler  horn  after  thedeath  of  father  . 

Still-horn  male  chilli    

Still-horn  femiiie  child 


.-..i-j  ■;-■/.'  .,1..^     I     ie 


IVIOI»!-l(*fl1  VH  iflHM    VXIT.'I- 


i^ 


V 


,„  of  nrst  l"'!"-  "''••'""' 


U' 

.w. 

-- 

fit  i^J!^     *'• 

l.i,,>^     •  •' 

.'J 

li;U''' 

',Ti">'i-' 

"i 

MV,K' 

T^i 

..riill-'                 ; 

,  .  1 1  ■.  M  I  • 

... 

'"':"'' 

*M 

,".'.^1-' 

..- 

-" 

!,ii*rt»* 

.  .( 

.1  ..li^' 

t  .11 

.>|!,    ^ 

.,i:.im-<r'' 

— 

25 

IV.-aOOIAL  ORGANIZATION. 

A  i[roup  of  i'«latW«<t,  trHClng  a  ooqnmou  lineage  to  aouie  remote  ancoHtor,  cunHtUiiteg  a  body  kpowu  to  while  men  as  a  genu  or  cUm).  There  1» 
usually  u  term  HliKiiirylng  flr<>n*,  or  fkmlly  In  this  large  seosa.  There  is  also  a  proper  iiume  for  each  gem.  SomellmeH  the  people  of  two  or  more  getitet 
dull  ouch  other  brothers,  and  this  conslUutes  a  phrotry. 

It  U  often  diai'-ult  to  discover  a  common  noun  signifying  geiu,  or  family  In  this  peculiar  sense;  whllp  on  the  other  hand,  It  Is  sometimes  dlfflcult 
to  disuovcr  the  proper  name  of  the  gena:  perhaps  such  proper  uami'st  are  nut  always  given.  With  Indians  ^killed  In  pleture-wrlttng,  the  umhluui  of  the 
gtnlite  name,  that  is,  the  lulem,  Is  usually  palntei  >r  carved  on  many  valuable  urticles  of  jiroperty,  and  is  often  insurlbed  on  document,  such  as  mcs- 
Hages,  treaties,  Ac.   The  f/euteir  are  frequently  given  the  names  of  animals. 

The  geiu  Is  the  grand  unit  of  social  organization,  and  for  many  purposes  Is  the  basis  of  goverumenttU  organization,  as  many  rigUlK  tuul  dutleii 
Inhere  In  it,  T'le  ynlile  organization  is  very  widely  spread,  and  may  be  universal.  It  ha.s  often  been  overlooked,  oven  by  those  wqll  aoqualnted  wi;  ii 
the  Indians,  fruni  the  fac  tliat  some  tribes  elllicr  luvvc  no  proper  names  for  the  i/vnli^i,  or  el.sc  scrupulously  concoiil  them. 

It  Is  the  right  and  duty  of  the  geim  to  avenge  the  death  of,  and  personal  Injuries  to,  anj-  of  Us  members;  ami  again,  a  miiu  may  not  many  in  his 
gens,  Tlu'se  two  lines  of  iiuiulry  will  aencniily  li'iid  to  llio  disi:i)Vi'ry  of  tile  ,(/"/i.»,  am!  the  words  called  for  lielow.  The  subject  is  worthy  of  t.horouuh 
Lnvastigation. 


ElTOT/ISH. 


Rkmawics. 


Oens  I  common  nouii) 

'InMvt  proper  umei  of  featet.) 


frTTTf,T7r«*nr*r,.jf^7(wr-T''"V.T-^5rm  r 


'ilv--V.t', 


.",*"*;"! 

.|i-,  r-.vu'i'lli   ....aw 

.■iii,\;i.,.'Li!v 

-T-nT.-T--;-— 

..ill  >1.|>-Wl  - 
■•1  '     .1  O'lt'lOii  ujiiol  tjl"  ..xtt)!.!  i.H|..-iu  ..tfT 
- -•;rTr^ir,WH5t-.'>7fnrv.?"»'n-nT,T7i«7r'rrB'?Trrr'rmt?i 


f 


'Sf«te  how  thf  fmt",  irr  jmu|«-l  in  phrttrtft.; 


"T'.''rrn'fi'»fiTr(iTvn"'*~^"~'i"Tr.T"i'''' 


*y?viTi''i  I  T'Tfi'  ,*."."'  "  r  ''fl^'riV 


''f;VSU'i'Ci7nT<u'r)r'7'ur!''u^Vi 


— ....„.., — TH?f?m 


i "  (v7i  g~T~i7ri  uf  *itT  u"T"rtM  ■*■ ' 


VTV 


<»h^*«---»f  t^f—ffc*-;*  ^^^ 


"*ttirt-l««*l*tMT** 


■' 


■H 


V.-GOVERNMENTAL  ORGANIZATIOX. 

UsuiiUy  n  sniiill  luiiiilxT  of  persons  are  orgaiilneil  iimler  ;>ne  elilef,  iind  claim  some  small  Iraet  of  tfroiiiul  as  their  home,  ami  Ireqiiently  take  the 
name  of  such  counfrj-;  as  the  KuMmlMts,  riving  on  thi?  Kaf-bab,  a  great  plratcan  of  northern  Arizona.  This  Is  the  unit  of  govornmentnl  organUatlon, 
and  Is  by  some  authors  called  a  tribe,  by  others  a  band,  and  by  still  others  a  chieftaincy.    Let  us  call  It  a  chleftnlney. 

Willie  the  proper  name  of  the  elilelUilney  Is  the  name  of  the  country  which  It  inhabits,  and  Is  the  title-deed  to  ltd  home,  mnny  soObTlqUets  are 
used,  as  we  call  an  IlUnolan  a  'sucker,"  or  an  Ohioan  a  "buckeye;"  thus  soubrlfiuels  are  given  Indicating  pecullnrldes  of  the  people,  and  often 
relating  to  their  food,  as  dog  eaters,  ncorn  eaters,  lish  eaters,  Ac.  Sometimes  other  peculiarities  are  indlciited,  as  white  knives,  rcwl  knives,  &c  The 
range  of  these  terms  Is  often  very  Indetlnlte;  the  people  of  many  chleftAlncles  may  he  known  as  "flsh  caters,"  or  as  "  white  knives; "  ngnl'l  a  chieftaincy 
or  large  wroup  of  people  may  have  a  soubriquet  given  them  by  tribes  on  one  side,  and  another  given  them  by  tribes  elsewhere,  irsnally  the  names  by 
w^hleh  the  Indians  have  been  knowp  to  the  white  men  are  corrupted  soubriquets.  Much  dlffleulty  will  usually  be  ftmnd  In  obtaining  the  true  oa 
Innif-nnme  of  the  chieftaincy  from  the  fear  that  It  may  be  used  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  people  through  Tnetho<ls  of  sorcery.  Where  the  Indians 
have  been  dr'ven  away  from  their  ancient  homes  and  this  organization  broker,  up,  these  mimes  rapidly  become  obsolete;  but  they  should  be 
obtalne<l  when  possible.  The  names  by  which  they  designate  other  chieftaincies  should  also  be  noted.  The  ctileftalney  as  above  described  Is  the  unit 
of  governmental  organization. 

Two  or  nuM-e  elileftalneles  speaking  the  same  language  or  sll'-'htly  varying  dialects  are  often  organized  in  one  body— sometimes  called  n  confbde- 
racy,  somellmes  a  IrlUu.  Let  us  call  It  a  uonfuderacy.  (Jiten  two  or  more  suish  confederacies  are  temporarily,  or  more  permanently,  united  In  a  gruud 
alllanee,  called  by  soini-  anthcjr.-  a  confederacy,  by  others  a  nation,  and  l>y  still  others  a  league.  Let  us  call  it  a  league.  Such  a  league  may  be  com- 
posed of  people  speakJug  different  lan;:uages.  In  soineof  tlie  greater  {•onfedcracies,  or  leagues  of  long  sUinilinu,  the  organization  by  chieftaincies 
appears  to  have  been  i.,st ;  at  any  rjite  this  seems  to  la'  the  case  with  the  league  of  the  Inxiuols;  but  traces  of  the  chieftaincy  organization  remain  In 
the  great  league  of  the  liakoias.    The  boiuidury-llne  between  confederacy  and  league  cannot  be  dctlnltcly  drawn. 

It  has  freiiuently  hem  found  inipossible  to  obtain  the  comnuin  name  for  the  I'hieftalncy,  confederacy,  or  league;  on  the  other  hand,  the  common 
namt.'s  are  somellmes  I'cadiiy  fonnil,  while  llie  jn'oper  names  are  not  easily  discovered. 

The  j.nipcr  naiueora  league  Is  often  a  word  directly  sii;nliyi  ok  (ir  symbolizing  "bande<I  together, '  and  thus  the  proper  and  eommon  name  maybe 
oueand  tliesann'.  The  remarks  aliove  concerninir  tlie  sonbriiiiiets  of  chieftaijicici  apply  with  still  s:rcatcr  force  lo  confeilerai'lcs  and  leagues,  and  a 
multiiiliclfy  I'l'sticli  (crnis  may  be  found  among  the  surrounding  tribes,  and  all  r(M'ogni/,c<l  by  the  tribe  to  whii'h  they  areapplled. 

Indian  |iciiplc  usually  have  a  woi-d  si;;nifyiug  "one  ofns,"  and  in  tlie  .•.dii'ilule  below  the  Ii'rni  tndiiiii  is  alvcn  as  its  nearest  synonym.  The  term 
is  used  liidislinguis;i  the  Indians  from  the  tribes  of  anima!sand  mytholoifii'ai  persons  recosrnizeil  by  them,  .\mjther  Is  used  to  designate  uhitemen. 
.\mom.'  the  scaithwestrM'i  tribes  two  such  terms  are  used,  one  denoting  those  wlio  came  from  tin'  south,  chietly  Spaniards;  the  other  denoting  those 
who  came  from  the  east. 


Kniii.ish. 


Clileftaincy  (eommon  nounl 

Xame  of  chieftaitn'y 

Confederacy  (common  noun')  _- _. 

Name  of  <'onfederacy _. 

Chief  of  confederacy  (common  noun  ■ 

Name  of  chief  of  confederacy ?_ 

Council - -- 


Council  chamber  (sometimes  built  under  ground, 
and  called  sweat-house.) 


Council  chief  (common  noun)- 

Name  of  council  chief ._. 

War  chief  (Common  noun) 

Name  of  war  chief. 

Kriend  (one  of  the  gens) 

Friend  (one  not  of  the  gens)  _ 

Knemy  (one  of  the  gens)  -- ._ 

Knemy  'one  not  of  the  gens) 

Slave - - 

Indian      _. 

Whltcnian  'Irom  the  east' 

Hpaidard  (wbiieMian  from  the  south' 


Kemarks. 


87 


GOVERNMENTAL  OBOANIZATION-ContlnucU. 


ul  frequently  take  the 
nmentnl  orgnnlr-dlloii, 

many  soubTlqucts  are 
the  peciplp,  nnd  often 
rcwJ  knlvi K,  Ac.  The 
,;"  npnlrt  n  ehlettnlncy 
rTmmlly  <*""  niinies  by 
,  ohtninlnR  the  true  oj 
y.  Where  the  ImHnna 
e;  but  they  should  he 
ve  dest^Tlbed  Is  the  unit 

•times  culled  a  conffcde- 
!nUy,  uuUed  In  a  grund 
11  leaRue  may  bo  eom- 
lation  by  c-lileftalncles 
organization  remain  In 

thor  hand,  the  common 

I  uominun  name  may  be 

icles  and  leagues,  and  a 

licit. 

■St  synonym.    The  term 

d  to  designate  whitemen. 

he  otiier  denoting  those 


-     1  "iTrrr^riv..  .,_■■■                            i 

,   'in  f    Vl    ^  :   ■        i 

ESULUUI. 

(,'  1    •  i>    ..-..fii   '..t  K-.'u'l--  .1                                      i  Ul   'i 

■■■r ..■   :   ,     .■     :     -nl)  -r'.U 

League  (common  noun).-,^,.,^----: " r-r-i—.-'— tt,- 

1  >il:llri: 

NamB  of  loai£U6.   <*iHiu«*««-- 

h\,\',  /-i  .■.."•    '      .                   ...,„..  ■ 

Tilt  VIK-f    '                                      .t  "     *-'fI 

;---TT— --- ''-r.':r,--. "" 

'                                   :\\    -.I'J  >(■  ^r   -.:t;,i|il    III* 

1    " ' ' 

!       '          "  ""  '      

i 

..i .... 

iilT*'.^    '.i.wtlt't   '-v*!  i 

iii 


VI.-REMCH()N. 

Some  of  the  Indians  have  nature-goda,  i.  e.  •  god  of  the  east,  a  god  of  the  wes!-,  a  god  of  tlie  north,  and  »  god  of  theftoutli;  a  god  of  rain,  a  god  of 
thunder,  the  sun,  moon,  Btarg.  Ac.  As  stated  elsewhere,  the  greater  number  of  their  gods  arc  animals— the  progenitors  or  prototypes  of  the  present 
species.  They  also  have  dalmon  gods,  (.  e.  the  gods  or  presiding  spirits  of  rivers,  lakes,  springs,  mountains  eorn,  beans,  Ac.  Many  hero-g<xls  are 
worshiped— wonderful  people  of  the  long  ago.    The  names  of  all  such  go<ls  should  be  dlseovercd  and  recorded  when  jMMislblo. 

On  imiulrlngof  the  Indians  about  their  gods  the  term  "god"  should  not  bo  used,  tor  by  this  they  understmd  the  God  of  the  white  man.  Their 
generic  or  class-name  for  god  Is  often  a  term  signifying  "  the  ancients"— those  who  lived  loii'.'  ago,  or  some  e(iu.  valent  expression.  Inquire  then  for 
wonderful  ancient  people,  wonderftil  ancient  animals;  the  first  people,  the  first  animals.  The  student  of  Indirn  languages  can  do  royal  service  to 
ethnology  by  stopping  now  and  then  In  his  linguistic  work  to  record  the  Interesting  stories  which  the  more  Intelligent  Indians  may  l>e  Induced  to 
relate  concerning  the  wonderful  personages  of  their  mythology.  Nor  should  these  stories  l)e  neglected  because  of  their  simplicity.  Inconsistency,  or 
vulgarity. 

Indian  dances  are  generally  of  a  religious  haracter,  and,  with  their  names,  a  brief  description  should  be  given.  A  blank  Is  left  below  for  the 
names  of  gods,  dances,  songs,  Ac. 


Englwh. 


God.    (The  supreme  ruler— the  white  man's  God.> 

The  gods  (com.  nouni - --- 

The  anctCMts- wondci'ful  beings  of  the  past 

The  futuri'  world _.. 


Beuaukx. 


|c' 
[c 

10 

'o 

Sl 
o 


f 


- 1 

1 

, 

' 

i   ■   ,                      

t 

1                                                                    1 

!                                                                    i 
1                                                                    '< 

1                                                                  " , 

■        i 

i 

1                                                              i                                     "-:     -V"7 

1 

1 """! 

.'<liaman,  iModlcInc  mani 

(ilmsl,  I  Di'parii-il  >iiiril  retunicdi . 


23 


iRod  of  niln.ngortof 
otypes  of  the  proseiU 
Muny  lier<vg(xls  are 

10  white  miui.  Their 
on.  Inquire  then  for 
in  do  royal  service  to 
iiK  mny  be  Induced  to 
;Uy,  Inconsistency,  or 

,k  l8  left  below  tor  the 


vir.-DisposAT.  nv  ttih  dkap. 

Tlii'i'r' Is  11  Kivat  illvcrslly  111  the  nuiiiiicr  iif  l)Ur,\  liitf  the  di'iul,  Soiiir  Imry  In  the  v:>'<>und,  ollicrs  mi  ficiitliiUls;  sdiiic  in  ciiiiurN  whicli  they  turn 
ailiirt,  iV<'.    Tlirlr  im^tliiids  sliould  In'  illsccivcri'd  iimi  i iinli'd,  tiiKctliiT  Mitli  the  (■('ImmiiiiiiIcs  mid  I'listcnis  rcliitlii);  lln'rcto, 

Sciiiic  Iiidiiiii^  pi'iliMliciilly  rullccl  the  Iniiii-.-  iil  tlic  di'iid  mid  liiiry  IIic;m  in  I'liir.iiinii  (is^imi'lr.s.  II.  si'onis  |ii'<ilial>l>'  lliiil  ciiily  pcrsims  ol  llii'  sanu' 
gt'iis  arc  Imrii'd  ((igciiicr.    Sonir  ti'ii"'s  priK'tii rfttiallon. 

Ui'eord  In  the  blank  below  the  nanies of  any  iirllcles  tliiit  nniy  be  laid  away  with  the  dead  or  bUiiied  In  erennitlon. 


KNCiLlSII. 

Ukmahkm. 

c'(>n>''i'  "f  "'iri 

aitli-j t  itr  '-mil 

8ciiltiikl  i'nv  tilt'  iR'iul 

f 

", 

' 

,f^ 

1 

' 


80 


msi'iKSAIi  OK  TUK  UHAU-CoiUliuud. 


KN(;i.i-<ii. 

llKAr-MIKS. 

i 
'"' " 

i 



;"•.! 


Vin.— I)|!KSH  ANI)  OItN.\.\ri:>fT.'«. 


KNf(I,ISH. 


.it 

•l  ■ 


Kkmaukk. 


HmI  ■llll.V  I'OVlTillM  I'ol'  the  lll'lldl. 

Hal  '  wniiuursf 

Hciii1-i|ri-i«  oricutluTs. 

Ma-ili _ 


Ni-khi, llM.n.' _ 

.  Ni'c'kluci'  o:-  l.lni-liills __ 

,  Ni-.'klii.-.M,|-l,ir,|-,-lM\vs 

■  N*.'rlii;t<T  of  iM'ai's'  claws 

Niwkla.'.'iir  slu'ilx 

vTotra  or  skin  sliii-l _ , 

;iLon!;  nown  (t'xti'uilln,'  fniin  sIidMlilcrloaiiklcs 
tBliKVt  iiown  (oxIiMuliiu;  IVdiii  wai-t  iDkiiivs 


1  Aiuiin  i)l'  skill 

1 

tBcli  111  >klu __ 

;                                                                                              1 

! 

jtioiii  clulli,  or  liri'cch  i-!ci  ;t, 

>f  skin 

L- - 

lie^'Liiii'js  or  skin  ( mil  11  j 

i - _ . . ._ 

; 

,Mo<vaslns _ 

sBlaiiket-- 

1 

r.Rdlir  of'  licai-sldn .__ 

1            

fRoli"  oi'  rindii'i)  siiin __^ 

filolio  ,,r  (icfi-  skln__ 

jBol"'  oi  niliiiii  skins  

Robe  or  Mil. leal  skills .._ 

iFriiiHc  or  skill _ 

Pniiit.  Iilack 

•Pniut,  i-od _ 

I^lnt,  yi'llow 

Taltoo  iimrks 

i'Buckskln 

. 

Antolopo  skin 

(SlwM'p  skin _ __ 

,  El  k  sk  1  n 

.Jliililiit,  skin 

8^2 


IMM'.SS  AN'I>  llUNAJlKNT>t-CoMtlliHi'il. 


Knomsh. 

It  KM  AUKS. 

Hcii vrr  sUili 

A\\'\  111  Im)1U' 

'I'lu'i'inl  n|  >int'\v . 



Till  fjul  <•(  skin 



I 

1              .           . 

•^ 


mmmmm- ^" 


'7, 


:^«?' 


..7V  IX.   ri'.vKi.f.rNcs. 

S'ciy  iimny  Irlln'S  Imvi'  Iwci  kliidsnr  i1\V('11Ii|);m,  prnimiii'iit  mill  Iciiii'imiry.    Tlmt  Is,  IichIiIi'k  tlio  Iidiiich  wlilrli  llicy  iii'cii|iy  tlu'  l'I'I'IiIii'  piii'l  of 
the  yciir,  liny  Inillil  Uiiijn)iiii-y  IihI>;Iiil'-p1iici's  hIk  11  llicy  11  ri'  luiiitliii.',  Msliliiv.  ric.    A  ilisnlpl  ;..n  nf  Imlli  cImsm*  oI  iIw.IUiiijk  .^Imiilil  Im'  •.■Ivcii. 

'I'lic  I'licliIdH  |M(ii)h'  mill  nimiy  uIIiim'  trll'i's  liiivf  lai).'( iiiiniiiiiil  liiniwrs,  I'lllicri)!  wiukI  ov  k'oiii',  whirli  mrillvlilnl  lMliii'iiiii|iiirtiiiriil>'.     In  simu' 

or  tlii>i'  liimsrs  till'  ilivlsloiis  m'l'  viTy  <'iiiiiivlclc,  wiillr  111  ollicrw  liny  iiiT  lull  liiiiuM'H'illy  liiiliinli'il.  Tlio  wiiy  in  wlilili  tlirsc  illvlj-lmis  iiii'  iiimli  miM 
.,i|tln' niliv  lor  iisslmiliiu  till' iii'ruiimils  1(1  llicin  shniilil  he  illsrnvri'i  il  mnl  i  Ivin.  Tlirri'  iiiiiy  lie  s|nclllr  iimiii's  lor  llic  illlliTinl  coiiipi'i'lniiiils:  Ir  "lo, 
h'^iinitI  tht'in  In  lln>  lilniik  lirlow;  iiIho  the  iiiiini'N  i>!  iiny  otiiri'  purls  oI'  tlio  lioiisc, 

III  nil  ilwi'llliiv-,  coiiiinniml  or  .'iiiiilly,  llir  Iii'llio'v  nri'  piiiicllllini'  In  iissIl'IiIiik  pinrrs  In  Ihr  rrt'iiliu' ori'ii|iiinls  11  ml  In  visitors.    TInIr  rnli'S  for 
Hiirli  oi'iMipiiiiry  loc  linportmit, 
;  Tin'  iissriiilily  climiilior  Ims  otlnn  lici'n  fiillPil  m  swi'nt-lionso.    Sonifllini's  tlio  smni'  striidnrr  I ;  iiscil  for  liotli  piirposrs,  Imt  nsnnlly  two  'llflV-rciit 

/Blrnrtiirrs  Mil' n-^i'il.     .\nion'z  tlir  rinlilos  mnl  nri'i>' otln-r  trilirs  tin'  nss('inlil>- rlimnlM-r  anil  s\»  rm-Iiousi'  iiro  iiinli'i-  Liroimil.    Tin' woinrii  coMstriiCt 
>  nii'iislruiil  liHltiiM;  tlieNt'  art.'  niilt^  slieltc'i's,  a|iarl  I'roiu  I  In- oilier  ilwt^llliiKH,  and  slinuUl  lie  ilt'HcrUii'd  ami  tliuir  iiaiiiiw  ru(iurUi.U, 


M 

,;;                                          Knoi.Isii. 

A  •■ 

I' KM  A  It  KH. 

Km'tli  loilijo      - 

1 

Brnsli  loil"i'         .                               

flillli  loil"t' 

Bltln  Ioil"(' 

l,0(l"l'-poll' 

r>ooi'l!ap  lof  Io^l"l'^ 

8lnol;i-lioli' _ ._ 

Mat  'for  loil"p'i 

t                                                                                                           _                                             

Boil                  ..             

1 
1 

'FIri' 

1 

Bla/i' 

1                                                     _                            _.         

Ashi's      . 

Pmoko — - - 

Bftot-      -  

Flrc-woml  ,     ,        .. 

Pokor    .  „ 

roninuinni  house _ 

Hoom 

1- -...- 

■ 

v«fir- 


Ir 


34 


DWKI.MNUH-ConllmuHl. 

KNui.rHn. 

UKM  UlKs. 

,„    

86 


i 


m 


X.-IMPr,KMENTH  AND  ITTKNMriX 


i 

HKM  \HKM. 

How  (il  hinn , 

1 

Slum  Oh  liiTk  iiliiow j 

N()t«'li  1  ii  rinl  of  iiri'ow  |(H' Iki\v-hi rlnn-,—     _        .      > 

Notrli  III  I'lhl  III  Ki'i'iiw  liir  ai'i'ow-lu'tiil 

All"  iv\  -Itciul  rliipprr  1  tiimlc  o(   lioi'li  i  __..     .„.  _.., 

Arriiw-siuilt  nl'  \v«khI    ,.  _„ ;    „ »,         _      ,._      . ._ 

< ifoiivc  1 11  ai'i'iiw-sluill                      .      .               ---  '                                             .             -     - 

1 

('fiiH'iil  tiM''i  111  liistfnliit-'' arrow-lu'inis          '     _                                                  .        

\VrNl-"-Uiinl                                                                           

War-cluh                         - 

l-'lsh-spt'iir                                   -  —      — -  ---  i 

siiiciii                                                          _ _         _.         -_  

siiii"-                                                                                  i      __       -  _         -.         __       

l-'NIl-lilK'    - 

l-'ish-iR't                 - 1 - 

Net  lor  catcliinK'  rahiiits _ 1 

Not  for  oalchliiL'  Hsh _ _ _ _ _ 

I'll 

I'll 
I'll 


37 


IMI'I.KMKNTM  AND  UTKNHIIi^-Cfmtlnilrd. 


BltOblNII. 

"                   — 

RlMARKS. 

I'lpl',  of  »touo 

PIpo-atem,  ul  ruoU 

Plpo-Hluiii,  ijl  wood 

• 

- 1 

^ — 

- 

! 

1 

1 

1 

' 

----—  —  -         —————  —  —  — ~. ______  _^___, ____ 

I 


10 


38 


f 


niPLKMEXTS,  VriX-.-Jloskrt-va.i . 


Knolis;!. 


Lar;,c  conical  .lOcU-lmsUcliciuriuti  uu  Uicki_ 

Ifiiml  sC'Oil-hiiski't - .- 

Ki-cil-liiii  .lor  bcutinu  seed  iiitii  a  liaskei 

Wii.nowiiis;  liaskot -_ 

Fliiur-liay    liaskot-ware; 

Kicail-tiay  itiaskcl-warei 

licn'.v-ljaskc! ._ 

Tiiiikct-baskei .— - 

Flsli-nnski't — 

Fislitntt-basket  idlp-iiet  of  Ijaskct-waii 

Larifc  watci'-Jug  (for  lioldiiiu;  water  in  lodu'd 


Rk.uakkk. 


Lnrgt!  wntcr-JUK   (of   liaskct-waii-   covoird    witii  j. 
Ijllfh).  ! 

Lai'i-'c  watoi'-hottle  (for  lioldiiii:  waUT  in  lodgi' — i- 


Larsrc  walor-liottlL'  .of  liasknt-wari'  covrrcil  with 
pitclii. 

Siimll  i)ili!rlm  bot.tle lof  baskct-waio covi  inl  Willi 
pltcln. 


3§ 


I  MPLEMENTf*,  ETC.-  Womlfn-u-.m: 


iA^iittiiSi^^.. 


Enomsh, 

Rem  AUKS. 

I  ui)  or  (iiijper 

I!ifail-tnty„ 

MeHl-lrn.v_ 

Kowl ___. 

MOl'tHV _        _               1 

i 
I'esUf 1 

Fli'<Mlri!l 





■ 







^                                                           .                                                         _                 _      ^_ 

. _                                                                             1 

i                 ■                                         "        ,1 

I, 


40 


I>ri'I,K.MK>.'TS,  ETC.— Ulen-sila  of  shell,  horn,  linur,  ,tr 


KNOI.ISU, 


Horn  (HI) 

Horn  Imllo 

THnlo-lmc'k  dl.-h-- - - 

rif.-lilng  iniiilcnionl,  of  nolohed  bone. 
Dresslng-kniff,  of  ijone 


Remabks, 


I 

" ■ I - 


h 


m 


ISrPT,KMfCNTH,  KTC.~W«H<.  iMi,h;„r„l.i. 


Kv(*T.isif. 

KK>tAHKS. 

Axf 

A(\y.K ,.._^ 

Hoe _ 

Kiilff. _ _ __ ! 

Knli'i--liiiii(ll(>_ __ 1 

I\llif"-poill! _ 1 

Kiiifc-i'cl';i.- __ [ 

SfRipor _ j 

. 

liorcr 1 

Mriillm.'-slonc,  \iyvsc 

__... 

MiMilln!.'->itnnc,  sninll 

;..  ,      ~ 



1 

_                                                 1 

1 

1 

-- 1 

^.„^^ 

. .-a*«««44*«*— -- ,„.^-i» 

11 


42 


1 M I'l.KM K'.NIS,  KTC—  I-nlhril. 


V  t 


I 


En(;li3H. 

Ukmauks. 

r.urtif  'A'ntev-lxitiU'  i  frtr  cjirry  iiiy:  water  oii  Imck  * 

(iri-aso-fav  _     - 

r*ari£r  bowl      _  _ 

Trav 

Cup                                                                    -    -  _, 

Ladle                   -                        

1 

L._ 

1 
1 

i 

._    





43 


XI.-KUOD. 


of  suups,  stews,  luuslios,  Ijrcncls. 


K.\(it.isii. 


RFM.VnKS 


Mclil  .1)1  -,.(_.,is, 

1 

Cnkc  — 

! 

Mush 

1 

i- - 

Mont _ 

1 

stew 

1 

! 

1 
1 

Soup. 

! 

i 

i              " 

i 

; 

< 

1 

[ 

1 

1 
1 



1 

1 

1 

I 

i 

i 

t 

1 

.-- 1 

t 
1 

_ _ i 

44 


XII.-GAMKS    ANH  :^l'ni;T.- 
Olvo  iinmes  aiic'  (U'scrlplton  ofcnmi  s,  sports,  nnrt  Implc'incnts  usoil. 


KNOl.lsil. 

HK.MAltKs. 

Doll 

Gnurtl-ruit  U' 

Stilts 

Hwiivj; 

Soui; 

' 

.  1 _ 

""■        "                                                     I 

1 

j 

45 


XIll.-ANIMAIA 


til 
lor 
In 


ZiHillii'lsni  liirai'ly  pn'viill<  iiiiuiiii,'  North  AiijitIi'iiii  I  ml  Inns— Unit  Is,  inimy  of  tlii'li'  srixN  iiro  iiiilmHls:  not  tlic  prc-cnl  riir'i-  of  nnlnnils,  Init  tin' 
■o'.'c'niloi-s  1)1- proKityprs  of  the  iiii's.iit  spci-lcs.     In  Ihi'  slml.v  ol' North  AnnM-lcim  IMytholo^y  it  Is  very  flivlrahlc  Unit  wt-  know  Ihf  immi's  iisi'il   hy 
II'  Inilliins  I'or  Ihi'  iinlinals  with  whlrli  tlii'y  nrr  in'iiinilntiMl.    It  Is  niimlli'sl  Unit  I'roiii  any  oni-  Irllii  Init  ii'W  ol'  thi'  niimrs  In  'In-  ii  '  i-mi  In"  roll.'.-tiil 
r  tlir  ri'iison  Unit  II  inclnili's  innny  spci'Irs  ri'strlrli'il  to  llnilti'il  iipoiiriiplilc  iiri'iis.    Tin-  li«t  ^hoi'ld  n-  conslihri  cl  sjniply  iv.  siiu'ircsUx  ■  anil  slio'ilil  h" 
InrrcuHi'il— till'  rollrrtnr  ailillm.'  thr  niiincs  of  all  tlir  animals  known  to  tho  tribi'  stiiilli'il. 

Sonicliims  llir  nani"  I'or  thi'  ancient  animal  or  animal  uroil  i  has  a  illlli'ri'iit  ti'rininatioii  or  Is  ili'iiotnl  liy  sonir  otiii'r  sIIkIcI  ihani;!'  in  Uu'  word  ; 
whi'ri'  this  is  thi'  case  the  aiilnml  iniini'  nseil  for  the  inune  of  a  pei'son  Is  the  same  as  the  name  of  the  animal  '.'oil,  rather  than  the  name  of  the  i  xlstlin,; 
s}a'cii's. 

The  met hoil  of  illstiniinlshlnB  sex  shoiilil  also  he  noteil.  which  is  kimim rally  hy  the  hub  of  words  siifnllylnit  mnlf  nnd  fvniiilf :  alsrj  note  the  name 
of  the  yon  in:  of  each  spieles.  It  is  a  niistaUe  to  siijipose  Uiii!  the  I  in  Mans  have  p.o  cli^s-name.^  or  u'enerle  terms  ;  sneh  terms  are  very  com  n  am  an.oiig 
Ihem,  hill  I  heir  laelliiHls  of  elashilleailon  do  not  auree  with  those  nseil  liy  civil  l/.i.'U  peiJijlL'-tlial  Is,  ll  elr  Keneriu  terjiis  einhrace  ciiteuortes  easily  rrciii!- 
nlzed  hy  a  savau'e  people,  lint  diU'ereiil  from  tliose  recognized  liy  a  civiilzed  people.  Tlin-  a  clas—nanii'  iiiiiy  he  i.innd  to  emhraee  iho-e  anlni'ii*  which 
live  111  trees,  as  raccoons,  pori'iipliies,  sipilrrels,  Ac;  another,  those  which  lairrow,  a-  luul'-'er*.  pralrie-doiis,  Ac.:  and  still  anotlier,  Ulo^'•  which  roam 
over  the  pinliis,  as  hnHaloes,  deer,  aiilelope,  ,Vc. 

.Ml  anlnnile  and  Inaniniate  oh.lects  are  thrown  into  classes,  a  iiioii'..'  the  sevcra;  irihi's,  in  diverse  and  cniioiis  ways.  Not  only  do  tin  Indians 
have  many  class-nanies,  hut  class  dlsll  net  Ions  are  curiously  woven  Into  the  grammatical  strucUire  of  their  lamrimires.  An  Imllaii  system  of  classify  I  ni? 
nalnral  oh.jccts  is  a  vci'.v  intcrfstiii'.' snhteet  loi'sticiy. 


Mitminfih, 


KN(;M^lt. 

Ukmaijks.                                ^           .J 

AriiDKlllto-  .__ 

AntcloiM' .-. 

Ilulliilo  -- 

Iti;.<m 

Hisoii,  woful     

HiulL'i'r 

-:--.i 

■      ' 

\W\\\\  Miti-k            

i*urn«>n  ')<ari't>M  Lfroiuid) 

( 'liipiiiiiiik 

t'iit    tiiicr 

iv 

(.'lit   cisi't 

»  .*' 

Cut    lilnrk 

„                                         _  -  -                   

.  ,..tl 

■  U 

lUHM' 

....   ,  ).■ 

.:  ,    . 

KIk 

Kniiiiu'^.. 

i 


i 


12 


46 


\\|VI.\I>»,     .V.(„l/,K</.«— (.■iHitlniir.l. 


E.NOMSH. 


h\'\  'vc'lliiw. 

F<jx  isimill.  ilui'k : 
Kox  (nil 


Remakkm, 


Kox  'trriiyi.. 
f'i)X  'rposPL. 
Kox  'sllviTi. 

Kiix  'lilnrit'. 
Kox   kit  


KisluT.. 
(tophcr  _ 


(iopliiT.  piickct  . 
(tout,  irininitalM. 

(irouti(l-lin>: 

JuKiiai' 


Lynx - 

I-ommliiiz _. 

I. ion.  irioiinhilii  - 

MdllSl'  ISIolK'l _ 

Mouse  (tul't-lullcdj 

.MouM"  i.Uiniplii):> 

MDUSC'llldUht" 

Mouse  (Wood  I- - 

Mousp  (wliitt'-fooleili  - 

Mouse  (fleld) 

Mouse  ( meadow  i 

Mouse  (imilriel 

Mole 

Martin 

Marmot 

Moose 

Muskiat 

Otter 

Otter,  sea 


47 


ANIJIAI-M.    ,l/„ 


»i»;ia/«— t'linilnued. 


lONliJ.lBll, 


Ukjiahks 


iilp(i>.-.iiiii 


I  IX.  tlUl>.|l  _. 
I'lUltlK'l' 

l'rnirit-tli)j;. 
r<>rciii.liK'.. 
I'crcuiy 


Itiit  loummoii, . 

Hut  ililack, 

Hat    hiisli, 


Hat  'Kaii(can)Oi, 
Hat  iiKauuulii;. 
Halilii!  'wlilto.. 

Haljbit  ura.V) 

Hablilt  'JacUassi 
Haljliit  (iJiulu  ... 
Haljljit  ismnll 


Habljit  (little  dilof  of  coij.v ,.__;._ 

^ 

Tiiiccoon 

"1 

Sable 

Skunk 

Sheep,  mouutaln 

1 

i 

Squirrel  (gray, 

I " - - 

Squirrel  (black i- 

i 

" "— 

Squirrel  (grouiiU]. 

i 

_„ 

Squirrel  (red) 

-— - _ 

— 

Squirrel  (nyliigi 

Wc.lf 

Wolf  (white) 



Wolf  (gray  i 

Wi.lf  (duKkyi 

1 

" — 

Wol  l'(  prairie,  coyote  1 

Weasel _ 

Wolverine 

I, 


II 


I 


m 


ANI.MAI.s.    .V'>m»i'i^-c.iiit(nm'il. 


KN(il,IMll. 

lU.MAHKs. 

i 

■ 


'""'  "'"• '"•'••' ""  ">»>■  I'"  .•<,„v,.,.i..,.i.  ""'■""'  '"  '"^'"•■'•"•'l  "'""ly.  un.l,  ,,.s  II,.-  pi.i-tH mv  islvi.M  ,n..,  .,(,tMl„  ii„.  «,„■"«  ',i,  .,1 1 


The  wonlHi'iiii  mliTwiiid  l.c  vciitlnl 


lIliiK.'  ii«'il>lt,.Hiiuliiul,<ir  other  luilmiil. 


llflUl. 


K 

.\i. 

.l.ill. 

llKMAUJi.v 

._ 

Aiillcrs. 

Anus 

... 

... 

':,.,. 

lidiii' 

... 

— 

]                   ■                                                           .        -    ■■ 

" 

liriilii._.. 

-. 

... 

J 

riiiH- _ 

Dimx 

KiiII'iiIIk. 

... 



"""*'"■*"""*"** .. 

l-'iil 

... 



(iUlll'l.... _.._ ___ 

Hi«)f 

Hldi" 

Hdi-n 

t*.i^ 

1 

lriii".|iiii'^._. _ ! 

^                                                                                           ^ 

•luiiii  : 

l.iuias 

LiNcr ___ 

-MllM-lf. ' 

.\I,'ll! .__ __                                                                                                                     ■' 

Miilriir 

.Milk  - 

1               - 

I'l'llls 

Kil. ' 

Uilis' luiiiii) _ _ 

Skull 

i          '           " 

Sl.ilililcll 

, - - I 

Spleen    _ 

Sweei.lii'ciul  -.. _ j 

Skin 


13 


60 


AXI.\rAr.«.-/'r(rt.»(./  ihi  l,f,ilf/,  ,»r.,  I,/  i,iii„t)Hfih-.l-(<Mli,ui'l. 


KMOLMM. 


Ti'iic|i<ii,  (11'  U'lii' 
T.Mlli 

Tongue 

TfMlclcN 

Wlml-piiH- 


T 


■  in  t'lMirui-  '11! 

Uf:VAIIKH. 


Woiiil. , 

i 

1 



; 1 



] 
• 

Km^m-k. 


Altinfrii«H 


AN(MAIX-B(rrf». 


Itl  MAIIK«. 


AVdi'i'i   ._.  .. 

Auk  

Hlltcrn  

Hliicliinl...  , 

Hliwliiy 

Itnii'lii'r-lilnl  . 


Illii.'khiril 

Illiicktiiril  irc'l-wiiiL'i'ili 


ll'iK'kdlnl  '\vlilti'-«-lii!jc(|i  _. 

.1 

lllii.'kliircliyi'llriw-hCH'l) 

I                                     "* 

Hl'ir-kMril  MTOW) - 

- i 

Hiiiilinif 

1 

Hiimlni:-  Hdwlioei 

Hiirillrjsr  .MutiWi 

Hlrl.ollMk 

iillliiil 

- 1                                                                                                           1 

'nvhite 

— i                                                                                                                                      ! 

t'hlcaclcc 

. 1 

(.'ric'iioi- 

i 

I'atliinl _. 

i 

Ccdar-blril.. 

1 

I'lioiry-ljlril 

1 

CrosKljill 

i-!-l-Ai.>  •'. 

I'DWbiid 

Crinv 

Crow  icaniiiMi 

L'ock    if  thu  pluliiK 

Ciiripw - 

('rano  iwhite  nr  wliiiii|iiiiif i  -- 

(raiif  ihiown  or  ruuiiilblll'.. 

- - - 

foot 

(.'oimoruiu 

.\NiMAl.«.-&n/.v— <<iiithi;ir.l. 


Ksi.i.i-^ll. 


(■|i;.piirr.i!  I'lii'k 

(tii'kiiip — ,. 

(.'iii'U.Mi  iin.'.iiul     _ 

Jtilipfr 

Dove..., _.............,, 

Diivi'  Tiiill. 

llovi'  'siniili  uiM-.iiuli  

llilll   hlrk 

Imck   nui'iii:''!' 

hiick  .  n-i-h.  mil 

Huc-k    l.:.u'k-l,"a.l 

liiiik  .ciuiv:,  .-K:,.-k    

lUlrli  .  Homl  or  ^UIIIUUI',  . 

i'll.-k    Ulll!:r.ii-l.fiilli 

I'lii'U    »i;r!' 

Diirk  Mii.lil,'- 

Kiiu''.f  i;niy 

Kiwli.   i.i:i.-k , 

Kii.'ii'    wliUi-lii-a.h'il 

Kil'-'ii'    Whili-tnUeil; 


h'iy-r.iSi'lMT  __ 
Ki.-l.l-li.rk    ... 

Kllcki-i 

KiilniMM 

Klmii 

Kiiirli  i','rusBi 
(idMlliU'li... 
(iri...>.iMMk    .. 


i;i;.M.4iiK^. 


(inickii' 

(iron... 

(tliHIsi       )tilUlll*<>ll  > _.. 

(tinil*»-     Whilf»- ^ ,,.^ 

«il«l'VlI    , 

58 


iliiwk  inil-iiiiinl,  , 

lliiwk  iswiillow-tnlU'di 

llawU  ^ll.-h. 

lliiwk    iiii-'ht ' 


Heron  .ai-rut  l>liii'i... 
Jliniji  iliul(  bliici-_. 
ill-roll  'liicHl  wlillci  _ 

llllol,  .lllth-  WllillM  . 

Ilrnm  iuri'fiii   _ 


Niuill-ll'TDP 


iliis  u'lossyi . 


AXlMAfiS.— fii>(/«-CoiiUnui'(i. 


KMil.lnH. 

I!l-:MAIiK>. 

Ciiiosi.'  (Whilc-ildlilrU; -.- 

CiOOSIMhUll'r 

I ""     - 

(JOOSI*  i\\"lllll.M        

t 

(ioon;,  (  aiiada  

^                                                                                                                 -                      .                                                                            . 

(jull .._ 

^                                                                                                                                                      ,.              ,,               ,                  „..__ 

tillll   iIkTOMK 

' 

tiiiU  iriii'.'-l.illoli _ 

1 

iin-Uv _.._ 

i 

lliiiiiiiiiio,'-liird 

Hawk  iiiiai'sti ' 

Hawk  ^i-lilcUiMii 

ilawk  1  iK'ii ! ^ 

lliiwk  a'l-ii'oi!' - 

lliiwk  ,v|,aniiwi 

Jluwk  ^ihiclv) . 

-.-^^'.a 


1 


I 


I 


I 


54 


ANIMALS.— «iiv*.v— I 'onliinifd. 


English. 


Mar.  in  ( tu-f 


A!cjulti\v-!urk  . 


MuiiiiU' 


Mi'ilier  t'Mr.v> iliiokt-iis. 
.Mu;cli-li'.tc'l 


Oriulf. 


0>-|iri'y - 

0»t<'r-t'«tili('r 

Owl    frri;-vh  - 

U\v!   t'artMl' 

tiwl  i  whiti'  sMowy 
Ow!  .Ijiiiiow  iiiKi-- 


Ousil- 


Partnitei". 


I'ruji-ii'-lu' 


I'licasant  . 


l'tar]nl(;iiii 

PlovTililHrk-ljciliwI,- 

J'lov>  r  ^if.ilOiii    

Hlov.r^kill.lif  

l'k>vi'r  ii'iiiii-iici'kfil'.-. 

I'Uivir   iiiiiuMlaiii 

Hlnti'il 


l^i-licaii  livliili-i  . 
I'fliratl    lirciwiii 

K-tll'l 

I'l^ciili      

I'ltii'iiri  Miii 

quail 


KiMll.lnl  

KtMlliil'il    .al.llliHl 


Kkmakk.s. 


00 


ANIMALS.— Bi,(i*-(.;ouil.uicd. 


KNci.isir. 


HcwI-tiIrd 
ItHVrll  


ItF.MAUKS, 


Holiin 

HiiMil-riimir 
Itall 


Swnlliiw ^ 

SMuHiiw  ichlninoyi 

Swpiliiw  ■Imrn.i- 

MwnllllW  'WhlKz-lpClitMl; 

Swnl'iiw  'srrccn-liiirkfil' 


Swallow  ollft'', 
Swiilldw  hiinki 
SwhIIjiw  tHr>H»  _. 

shrike   _. 

s<(i)L'-''pin'n)w  ._ 

Si.'iw-lilril   

Sflssor-hiril  

S;iBi"-i'.)ck 

srilpp     _ , 


SniHlpippI'.. 

SiiiiMrrlinif  - 
XWHIl 


Woritfr.._ 

1 

HIiDVi'li'r 

soling 

Klionrwater 

rT^.«- 

Kp)iri'M\v   

K;iiiiiKiT 

Turk<',v-tniZ7:nr(l-. 

Tiirki'v  .._ 

Turn-«tonc 

Tiirtler 

Teel ! 

tr 


i:m.i.i-<ii. 


Ti'L'l  I liUif-wiiiiifd/  — 

'I'l'ri  il'tiniiillloll; 

'IVnif 


0(5 


ANI.M.VI,"    -V.'ii-rf*— fontlnvicil. 


1!KMAI!KS. 


ToiuUt 


'I'illUUllMV 

riuiish  _.. 


TilliU-k 


Viiltui'i'  M/rcai  (iiiiiuriiiiiiii  _ 

Viillmi-  .lilai'ki 

WiiLiitil 


\\lli|l-|«i.,]-Uill   ,._ _... 

WiMxiiLckcr  ^ 

\V.lllll|lC.-Ucl'  ..-.iMJlll'lli 

\\'llUl||li'C'l(iT    \  I'lloW-hl'liiluli 

W'ciijill.fcUi  1-  iiiiriii-'bhick  — 
\\"iHiil|ifi'Ui  1  .rid-liiFul/ 

\\'lMll||;wkl'l'    l.i'Win') 

Witlu'cipii , 


WaililiT 

\Vr(n_.. 

Wniiili-ii.  k._ 

Vi'lliiw-liiiil 

Vcllinv-sliaiik.--. 

^'('ilriW-llJlllllllrl' 


wr^fSrrT 


•"SJBJtJStTtTT 


"Tft 


ANIJIALH.— />«)•<*  q/^i/ic  //(j(li/,  iti;.,  0/  birds. 


K.Niii.isir. 


l!ei.k,oil,UL„ 
Mouth 

Tongue 

Kye-^ 

Comb 

Nuok 

Nfok-lwillicrs. 

WlllgK 

Wlng-fijiitlici's. 

Tail  - 

Tull-lV'iitliois... 

Letss 

Toes 

Claws 

Spur  .- 

Heart ._ 

UiiU 

Liver 

I.lKhts  

(iizzanl 

Kiui-all 

Vent , 

K|,'« 

ISheU-nfeijs)-... 

Yolk  M)leg({) 

White  uife^'si)... 


UKMARKf". 


I 


16 


98 


\ym\xA.-rt.ih. 


Ksiil-isH. 


KpI 

Hitlll)iit... 
Mullet--- 
f  >y«tt'r- ... 
Porpoise 
smi-tcrm . 
Salman .".: 
Hpnl -•.-..... 
SmoH .— . 

Trfnit . 

AVhnlo  — . 


Rkmakkh. 


59 


ANnrAI,S.-Pf;,-,',«  nt  ?),„/„,  ,(.,..,  o.'  -/.v/i. 


KNffl.ISH. 


ItK.-MAItKS 


.Mriiith 



Kyp 

OlIlP ....- 1 

Krons^l-tln 

Belly-lln. 

HHck-ftn ;_ 

Tiill-fln 

1 

Roe-tin 

Blad.ler ; 

Liver _ _ 

—     . 

- - - 

Hciilcs 

1                                                                                                  

1- 

- 

- - _ 

1 

1 

- _ _.. 

1 
- i 

i 

M 


K.Nl.J.ISIl. 


ffV 

Li/.aril 

Kallloiiukc 

Itiitlli'  111'  Miiiki'. 

TuiicU 

Turioist-* 


60 


ltl;MAIlK> 


I 


fil 


AXIM.\r,S<._/„.„w». 


Kx(;i.isii. 

Iti;>r.MiKs. 

Ant _ 

i 

Hoc - _, 

npc'lminlili'i.- 

Flea 

Fly 

(irusshoppcr 



Louse 

-Mfiwuilto 

Afntrirot . 

SpUtcr _ 

Wasp  ryellmv) 

i 


16 


62 


.\N'[MAI„S.— y,i.irf/.»— ComliHiiil. 


Sliitc  linw  aiiliMiiN  lire  clii^villcil. 


63 


XIV.-TUKK.S,  r^aUlllS,  KUllTS,  ElV, 

Th^  Indiana  hnvf  niinncn  for  nil  the  spwlcM  iinil  liiipnriiiiit  viirli-tiisnf  irwHunil  Dilur  plunlH  with  which  Uify  mv  Mciiuulnleii.  ndofi.  uol  muuu 
hCHi  tinflviMi  sprcltlc  liat  li.Tiv  hut  till'  ciilU'i-lor  slidiilil  oIiImIm  (111'  luiiiir-iiif  lis  ninny  I ilM lit-  im  |)n>-,|lili',  mid  lii-cii  tlifni  In  llif  liliiiilt  lii-luw.  Tin' 
nHMicH  <if  illtt'iTi-nt  Hull!',  mn-h  iw  henhs,  hiuk,  siciln,  Ac,  slmiilil  iiImi  In-  nliliilmil. 

TliiTi-  will  ii--imliy  111  1.  rnis  sluiillviiiu  pini'  riiri'«l,  mik  |Vini«i,  (•■itlonwiiinl  li.f-t.  .Vr.     I'lonm'  liiiirl  llu'ni. 


KNIil.lHH. 

llKMAKK.S. 

JUul  111  tri'i' 

Leaf. 

Llmh 

iKitsUk'  liiirk 

i 

! 

1 

Stuniii 

i 

t 

Hoot 

] 

i 

' 



'11 


64 


TliKRs  srtnfri.'^.  KIUTTs.  FTC.-i'i.iitiMiucl. 


Km.m>.ii. 


Rr.VAKK<". 


65 

XV.-TIIK  I-'IUMAMKNT,  MKTI'.oUOI.DiiK    AM»  OTHKK  I'HVSK  Al.  rni:N(  p.MKNa  AMi  iilUKfTS. 

Iiiclliiiih  iLMiully  have  umiiy  imiiicx  lor  <'l..u<i»,  ii»  lliuy  lUi'  iliminKiiUlieil  hy  cilor,  luiiii,  Ac    ( ilihilii  h>  lull  i.  11>|  iin  |..,..il,|,.  with  ,li<i-rli,f  Ion  mxl 
liisi'iilii  the  tilniik  lirlow.  '  in      ..hi 


£Kni.iHii. 
t  loluK  - 

llKMAKKS. 

1 

1 

1 
i 

"" • .— " 

1 

i 

1 

1... 1 



. 





Iluii/,1111 


.■>uii . 


Moon 

llall-lLioijIi 

»lllt> 

iKlwi- 

Aiiruia 

Uuuiuuw 

Fuu 

I•■ro^t 


fallow 

Jlali-. 

lev  ... 


Ii-kli- 

Wulur 

Iiiiui<i'  i'clli(ii.'cl  liy  Wdt.oi'- 

h'lmiii 

\Vn\.-- 

17 


M 


TT 


I  i 


66 

THK  FIIIMAMENT,  .METKi)U<)l.O(;lC  .VXD  OTHER  PllYSK'AI,  PHKNOMBiNA  -VXD  OflJEtTS— Conllnncd. 


£NULI!<U. 


Kildy. 
Tldo- 
Kiilii  - 


IIuumIit. 


I.igliliiliiK 

Wliiil 

Ninth  «inil  

Niii'lM('ii»t  wliiil 


Eii-l  «iiiil . 


Siiiiiticiisl  whiil .. 

\Vf>l  wliiil 

Ni>rll]»iM  wind . 

Wliirlwiiid 

ThiL'i'iiiiul 

luisl 

Mud  — 

(Suiul 

Mtilt 

SIOIR' 


ItEM.MIK^i. 


67 

XVI.-i IKOdRAI'U'C  TKUMH. 

A  piiye  Islfft  hlnnk  for  •.iioh  (tfoKrniihlr  terniK  ii    hill,  niumuiiih,  clItT,  oiinon,  Koriff,  viiMpy,  iii..'ii,  prHlrli,  sprln«,  l>ro(>k,  orock.  river,  poiiil,  lake 
Hva,  miirHli,  Hut,  tftr.,  us  are  fomiU  111  (lie  coiiulry  Inlinliltcil  hy  the  nihc  HtiKllnl. 


KMa.i^ii, 


Hkmakkh. 


North 

Norllii'ii>.|  . 


Kii'-I 

SolltlliMst 


Hoiith. 
W.St.. 


•SinilhwiNl. 
Norlhw.st 


I 


If    ^.' 


KMil.lsII. 


68 


(iKiK*R,VPHICAL  TERMS— (ontlnupil. 


Remarks. 


69 


X\  ir.--UElJ«HAI'HH'  NAMKS. 


A  vpry  li.teroHtl.iK  Held  or  invv.tlBallon  Is  r„„„,i  In  leHrnhiK  iho  proper  names  glym.  by  tho  In.ll«ns  ,o  th.-  s,.v  er,.l  .prills,  rlvrs  lakes  n.o.in- 
talns,iiKU.nt.>ll.ms  ,..  the  cmsi,  Ac,  known  to  then,.    A  l.lunk  Is  left  tor  tl.ls  purpose.  l''<^  '"  '"kes, 


Enomsh. 

■ 

liKMAUKS, 

^_^ [ 

1 

■*H,4J.l  ■»  * 


.-^:v-.  I „.::::.. 


18 


70 


xviri.-ffii/)Hs, 

Miiiiy  Dlhir  ilUtliU'tlDiiK  of  colnr  thiiii  those  alvt'ii  liclow  uiu.v  lie  obmrvrd,  iiiiil  iiiiiiiy  iiiniiiKi'iiifiits  of  color  n'..'ili-i  im  In  .ipotH,  Ktrlposi,  di<'i'k», 
<&i'.,  nil  of  wlilcli  hlimiM  he  rti'orili-il. 

liitiTiiu'illuir  tints  slioii  111  l.i  u-kvil  for,  iiiiil  froiiiiciilly  it  will  bo  foil  ml  that  words  ummI  for  (li'slximtliiir  such  arc  comiiuundH  uf  names  uiidenitood 
by  the  Indlnns  to  liulUiitedlslliH't  colors.    Tims,  In  tlw  I'lc  lanttuiiiJ*'.  1"'-^'"'  Is  red,  li>-ki-i-  is  black,  ami  brown  Is  uii-l'i-kir. 


?;n«i.isii. 

Rkmauks. 

Hlailt - 

Blue 

Brown    ..                                        

. , „.. . 

(Iray 


tireen 

I'lirple 

Ked 

Koan 

Scarlet 

Sorrel 

Vermilion - 

Wlilto 

yellow.... 


XIX.-NI'MEr!AI,«. 

Aii\  iiiiclliui'iit  Indiiin  riiii  eiislly  omiiit  ii  hiimiri'il,  ami  lojjeHt  this  for  us  many  Imi  i1iimIs»s  may  he  ilesiriil.  Wlioii  I'onmlm,'  a'lslnictly  a  coiii- 
iiiciti  Kiiiiiiiatloti  1(11'  llic  iiiiruerHl  will  '.iiiiii'tlriii«  lie  ustcl,  sluiillylmt  in  muni,  in  iinmhii-.  ..r  soiiictliliiu  i'i|UlvalfiiI.  If  sfl  Imcaint  a  Hfilfs  nl  olijiils, 
|]i-  may  n|Mat  ilii'  namci.f  ii.  .,l,ii.,t  lach  lim.-.  Xn  ilimculty  will  lie  experloiieed  in  oliliilnliig  th.- ciinllliHl  luimlicrs,  but  iianh  pntli'iicf  is  rc(iulrfil 
Id  (ilitalii  till'  ordinals  iiml  otliiT  ciitfi.'orkii  of  iiuinljcrs. 

Ill  Miimf  Imllan  lamjuaiiCh  there  i»  more  than  one  set  of  carillnal  niiinlMrw.  Animate  olijects  may  lie  ooimteil  with  one  set.  Inaiilmati'  with 
another.  They  may  have  a  ,mrtleul»r  set  for  coimtlng  tlsh,  or  for  eoiintinb'  skins;  perhaps  a  set  for  couutliiii  standing  ohjeets,  ami  another  set  for 
eounlUn.'  -Iirlii).'  ohjeet-,  A-c.     Wheii  the-e  dltlireiil  »ets  are  used  the  words  may  simply  I  live  dllterent  terminations,  or  other  lneorp<a-ated  partleles, 

or  Ihi' dim-rent  sets  may  be  e  imposed  of  vi-ry  illslinet  words.    aslonally  an  e.Mra  set  of  nnmeriils  imiy  be  found,  the  nai  le  of  each  nnmlier  being  a 

loriK  phrase  or  senleiiee  descriptive  of  the  method  of  eoiintliiK  by  tlimers  and  toes. 

The  method  of  iislim  ib  ■  tlnaersaml  loos  In  eoiintlnt:  shonid  lieearefully  studied  ai;d  minutely  explained;  also  the  method  of  indleatinii  num- 
bers to  others  !n  like  manner.  The  most  eotnnion  method  for  eounttng  In  this  manner  t^  fo  turn  down  tbp  little  tlnger  of  the  Ipft  hand  for  ono.  tlin 
next  tlnirer  In  order  lur  tW(j.  ibe  next  llngir  for  tliree.  tiie  next  for  four,  and  the  tliumb  iir  live;  then  the  thumb  of  the  rK'ht  band  for  six.  Ac.  until 
thn  little  tliiKerof  the  riKhl  b  ind  is  turned  down  for  ten.  Tills  nitty  b«  vttrled  by  turiiliiKdowii  tliv  little  finger  of  the  right  liiiud  for  six  and  the  thnmh 
of  the  riabt  hanil  for  ten. 

In  iiullealing  numbers  :o  otlu-rs  by  the  use  of  the  fingers  the  little  Hnger  uf  the  left  uiiid  mny  be  extended  and  the  oilier  lingers  turned  down  lor 
one;  the  other  numbers  will  iie  e.\pre>sed  by  extendlmr  the  llnu-ers  in  llie  same  oriler  in  v  liieii  they  were  turned  down  for  i-  luntiiiL.  In  ei.iintinu  by 
tens,  the  Indian  may  close  tb.'  flutrers  of  both  haiids  to  Indicate  each  ten,  or  lie  may  ext'rid  -he  fingers  of  ea<'h  hand,  holilliig  tbem  with  the  pului.s 
tnriied  toward  the  person  spi  ken  to. 

In  comitliig.  some  Iiiilliiiis  lesorl  lo  the  fingers  only,  others  to  the  tlnjiers  and  toes.  The  first  may  result  In  a  decimal  system;  the  second  in  a 
vigesimal.     .Ml  the  flncts  relating  to  counting  should  be  dl«covpred  and  recorded. 


>f 


Otrdirnil  numbers. 


ENCl.l.-ill. 


Rkm  \hks. 


(Jne  . 


Thiv*'- _ - --- - - 

Four 

l-'lve— - - 

six _ 

J 

Sev<'ii 

VAfcUt _ 

Nint'         —                 ,  . 

Ti'U 

Tliirtrcii _ 

KlftecMi 

-. 

Slxifen  

Kt'VeiltCWI) 

KlKlitL'cii 

. , . J 

1 

Twi'iUv 

Tw*'iit v-<nie   - . 

.,._.    . 1. 

( 

T\vi*htv-llir(*e    

i 

Twiniy-lour- 

1 

w 


7i? 


Xl'.M  ERAU4.— Oiidijmt  ^Vii»»6ei«-Coiitliuio.1. 


1:nhI.IiII. 

Bemauks. 

Twcntv-rtvo 

Tv-rntv-slx 

T\\'''iitv-*i(,'vini , 

Twiuity-ciuht 

T»i'Plv-iilm> 

Thirty 

Korty  _ 

Kilfv - 





Si.\(v      

Sfv  ■iity 

• 

KlKlity. 

Nliiity 



Oiu'-liiuiilr' ■! 

Uiiu  liu:nh>-il  ii:n- ,      , 

0;i(_' lur.ulrvii  :\Vii ;          _                     .                                                .                       , 

Djir  iimiihx-tl  tjircf    

uiiu  hiiu'l!"  i  rlvi- 

1 

Uji'' huiitli'cil  scvi'ii          _._      i 

'JUL'  lUlULilcJ  t'i;;ll! 1 

OiK'  hlDUlr'U  It-'l: 



Twu  iiuinli'fil 

I'Njur  liiiiiilr.il , _,,        -                               -----                    ---- 

KiVf  iuiiitlii'il 

Hi;i  liu;i Jruil 

tSc'VL'ii  liuini;--.l      ...      — ... 

] - 

<  JiU'  Illl»ll^atlli. 


73 


N  L'MKKAUH,— '4i'(fi/i'i/  iiuinbem. 


KsiM.I?>H. 


KH>t -. 

.Sfci>nil ....-...■, 

I'liir.l 

Knllltll   

Kilth 

Hlxtli  .- 

Si'Vfiilh  . 

KItfhIh  ... 

Niiiili 

Tintl! 

Kl.-v:iili 

Twiilli 

Tliiii.MMilh 

Kiiurtci'iilli    

Kllli-.-nlh 

Sixi.'fiiili 

SSV'llllM-Mlll 

KlL'lltiiMiIll--- 

Niiii'ifi'iilli   

Twfiilii'lli 

rhhiiclli 

Kul-IK'lll  .- 

Klltiftli 

(  Mi*-iiHlt'  iir  It^iiKtli) . 
uiu'-hiiir  III  i|iiitiitily 
A  |in  I  ill  Iclitflli'  --. 
A  purl  <lii  i|iiiiiilil,vi. 


Kkm  \IIK-i. 


I 


1 - " 



19 


7i 


N1'.MK.H.M.S.— ,Vi»niW(i/  aih'rrlm  ilttuttinf/  reiirtiliuii  n/iii-lii 


Enoli«11. 


OlK'C  . 


Ukmahkh. 


Twill'. 
Tlirltf . 


>'ijur  lliiKs  . 
Five  llliicb-. 


Six  tilUl'K 

Stl'VeU  llUR•^  . 

EJjcbt  tUiii'.~ . 
Nuu'  liiiiiv  .. 


Ten  l!nn,-s- 


Klevt'ii  tiun-.". 


Twulvc  liini 


ThlrtfC'U  tiuits 

Fiiiirlwn  Ume!> 

FlUfC'll   lluii-!- ;  _ 

aixU'fii  liiuet- 

Hcvciiluun  tliiio ,. 

KiglJltien  lluies 

Nliic'U-eii  tiiiics , 

Twi'iity  tliiii's I 

i 

Tian.v  uiiie»  - ,. 

Folly  llmt's 

Filly  limes , . 


ir* 


y  vyir.n  ai,h.-  .vi'mr^mtifff. 


KN<iI.I«ll. 


Twcclulil... 
Tliict-rulil  . 

r-nii-foui .. 

Kivt-n.ld... 


SlX-filld.... 

Si'Vi'ii-l'old . 


KiKlil-liiiil. 
Miif-rDld.. 


Ti'i\-t'i)lil 

Kk'vcn-fold- 
Twi'lvi'-lolil 


■riilrO'cn-luld. 


KiillllilM-rnld  ,. 

Kift.'cii-liild 

Slxlci'ii-fuld; 

Si'vciili'fii-rold  . 
Klt'litfrn-rold  .. 
NlMcti'i'ii-nild  .. 

Twciity-rold 

Tliirly-ft.ld 

Korty-folil 


Kiriy-(okl. 


.) .^.^^ 


llKMAliKn. 


'•     i 


79 

KX.I.I-^II.                                                                                                                                                                             '                                                               HlMAUKh. 

1 

(>IU*  ttlfHl'll-- ,.,..    1 - --     -- - < — 

Two  III  fiifli 

Tiiirf  (nt)uli 

i 

i'tuir  to L'lu'li  .-.-,■._..-„...,. \ ...... * -—.-..,.,....-..,..,...... --.-.|..-— . _,_  .....        --..-.,,. 

l'*t\f  tlM'Hfil , ', ...... 1 -      ^_      _                                 -         .              ,. 

.  ■  (1  ,v.-*l.. 

____       _                              .       _,L'..tj-| 

1                                                                                                                           "                                                                                                 ■ 

l::ii;iil  itn-iteii- i - .  V.^ 

NiiK-  I'lnu-h *•  •'< 

Eleven  turiii-h ,.i          ,.             M|.^/i*w*l 

TwiMVi- toi-aeh„._ ,  _ , '.'^i 

TliirUtii  lu  liuh i .                                                                                                            i+->>ir;.'>'  1 

huuni.-i'ii  Ittfiifli , _      __      i                                                                                                        t'rt-n-v*M)  •■ 

KilU'L'li  ;n  lurh. ( „                     :                                                                                                                             rx^ 

1 



Klulili-i'ii  ti>  t'ltcl) ^ 

Uhn'tt^^ti^ti-iY 

NilK'lfill  111  fitch,.. 

i.it-^HtiswT 

Tu  ini  \.|»M  jii  ii 

-       bJ-H-lToM 

1                                                                             ut.?!  /,nfc*^i 

h^iilv  iMfjich 

I'iilv  to  (^4(*h 

,       m 

1 

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::     :::    i 

XX,-MKAHt  ItKS, 

tt  l»  v"'iy  (l('HlriililMi),ll-rri\,r|irlTnlllvfniHt>cKl«of  mfUMirlnu:  llinl  l«,  lli.- iiu'IIi.kIv  n.cl  prior  t<i  llip  iiMvM  ,,r  the  «lil;.'  nimi.  Hniii"tlm.«  ii 
IlimcrV  liMntlh  Ik  iihciI.     In  this  i.|i!.c  i|i><.c'rlli('  wtiliii  Miib.t  I»  ii-rd,  iiikI  linw  tlw  iiicii«iir.-  U  niiplliMl, 

A  rri'iiniMil  iiii'lhiMl  i.ir  ijiriisiri'iii.Mii  cii  lijiuilh-  U  rrmn  tlif  cxtriiiilly  <>\  tlin  Umii  llhif.T  tn  tlic  llri-t  wririld.'  oc  Ihc  »rl»t,  (.»■.  n  IimikI.    Anoiliwr 

liiiilil  utiU  liii>  Ijfuii  (ii!.!.- ii'il:  lliivlli,i  llK'  llliai  ]>  ,ii.il  !liiiiiil<  iM.u.liil,  Ihr  iii'«:iiiiUi;i  I"  '"   'li''  '  .xlnilillj  i.i  111.-  il'iimli,  nml  111.'  .triiiu  |.  i..|«,<.'il 

iilntiu'  llM  iiiiliT  iimr«lii  111  Ihr  Itr-I  wrlnldi'  of  thi'  wrl«t,  llii'ii  iTdssliiif  lli.'  wrW  iiIoiik  iliN  wrinkle  In  the  milfr  niariiin  m  Ihi'  iwiliu  i.f  Hi"  li  .mil,  nloim 
I  111'  iniiriJlii  111  111.,  rxli-fniltv  iililn  liiiu  IliivTr  lui.l  >il.iiii«  llii  llpy  mi  In-  llin{i'rs  to  I  hi'  I'XIri'lilll.v  m  llir  IItnI  llnu.r.  Mi.  n  nlniiu  I  In-  niiii-r  nii.ii-lii  or  tin- 
llr«t  lliiui'miiil  Iniii'iniiii'idn  i.r  tli.  Iliiiinli  lo  iIm'  iii.IiiI  iiriimliniii..':  tlml  N,  iln-  nii'iisurf  U  tl.i'  Ii'IikIIi  oI  Ih- ohIIMh  nf  IIi..  IuuhI,  I.,  r  i.-.:,ll  ihlx 
"iii'iiiiiiil  llii'  liiiiiil  unit." 

Their  W  ii  unit  (if  iniii-mreniiiit  iihciI  vvnlrli  iniiy  lie  representnl  liy  the  ilNliinee  TMIii  the  loiiit  (1nK»r  to  I1|<>  Pitmw,  mi-fliiiirpil  on  the  IrinhlK  or 
oul^iileor  Hie  Mrin.iir  11  iniiy  I.e  irnni  the  lip.  c,r  lli..jii|neil  lliiiiiil.  iiiel  lore-lhi..;er  to  i  lie  el  how.  nieiisiir.'.l  on  He   In-j,!...  ,.  ,.  ii  hiol  .irni  -  leiinth. 

Another  unit  u«e(l  l»  the  illatnnee  mmi  the  meetlTiK  ol  the  llpKol  the  thiitnh  iiml  lore.|||iir*<r  to  iheHrinpil ;  i.  f,  hii  HriUH  IkiiuIIi:  Htlll  iiiiollitir 

Ironi  Hie  me,. 1 1  ML' ol  Hie  lips  oi   the  tluunlMiiiil  Inre.iluner  ol  one  hiiiel  l.>  I  111-  I lli,.,'oi  '1  ..  lip..  ..r  Hie  ll.un.li  .iml  |ori.-lliii/er  ol  Hie  oiler  Imml,  iiloiiu 

till!  out»lreUliua  iirULs  unil  luiuw  ihu  hreiun,  1. 1.  u  ilimlilc  urin  h  luuulh. 

|p|».liinee»  iiloni!  Hie  Broiiiiil  iin   oil.  n  iiieiisiiieil  In  piiee,.    .\ii  the  trlhen  iirohiihiv  hHve  nieiiHiired  for  elreuhirerencf»,  iiiiil  iilno  fur  riunntitlen 

WhliiiieeK  hetween  i.liieer,  hi.]-,   nieii-ureil  in  iliiy>' joiii'iH  >  -  iieil  I'ruei  ioiiMif  iliiy's  journey;  the  'utter  ii.-i iteii   inilleiiie.)  hy  pill  lit  1 1, 4  .1111  .one.  piirt 

III'  the  >un  s  ihiily  piiHi  iiloiiu  Hie  tiriiieiiieiii. 


Rniii.imh, 


Uk.MAIlk^. 


30 


! 


r 


w 


MKABl'lll-J*— <'oiitlniii'il. 


70 

In.II(iti>  Imvf.  many  wnv.  of  .llvMlru-  tli-  y-nr  liitn  parln;  ll,..y  „„.y  hiiv..  two.  Ilir..,  fciir,  or  tv..|i  flvr  %<;„•„,';  llicy  limy  divlilr  ih.' yur  liilo 

Ihlrlf.ii  riiM.MK.i.iHl.liniiMlliMM  |... i-liolhcif  Ihciih.ivc  iri.-tticMls.  Ili.y  niay  liiiv  iimiiy  wii\«  nf  .l.-lmmtliiii  i.urll.Mil.ir  IIip.-mi.  tl..^  -IrMWlMTi'V 

Ilii.H  lUf  l..u^l.l.m  luiw.  II,.    Ui.iiii.^  r...,i  thM. ,  ,vr.    Tlpvlr  iii.  II .h.Mil.l  I...  ,IUr,,vrr.  .1  iiini  .■.irfnUlv  .1.mtII..-,I.  i .nlli.u  th    1.  imih  Hi  Hi.   I.,ll„«lm( 


K'i'll.f.ill. 


A  yiiir  . 


nKMABKS. 


A    III. Mill , 

Hi«I  liair  oi  III. Hill , 

Sci'iiiul  hull  1,1  iji.uiii 

Kii'xt  i|ii,itl.  I  ,il  iiiii.iii... 
Wi'idM.!  ,|iimii,|'  ..I  111.,,, II 
'Muni  ijiiui'tiT  111  III. Hill  . 
Ki.iii'tli  .|iiiirU'i'  111  iiiiH.ii 

Kiiy 

Xlulit „^. 

A  iliiy  ,J1  hiiiirxi  ...,„,. 
I'llWll ._., 


SuiirJKi' 


M..niiiitr 


MI.I-r.ir.'iiiHii 
NiMiii 


AftfriKHin  . 
Siiii»it      ... 


Iiiii>k 


Kvi'iiijig 


Ml.lnlKliI ^ 

_^ 

I>HV  liftitrc  v«»«l*'r.lnv 

i 
1 

V.m.'i-.tny 

I 

.                          .               -.,                                              i 

■I'lMtHV 

'i'.i-iiiorrtiw -•i.«        fc....„ 

l»H>'  lilt.-r  iii-m.irr.Hv 

Ni.w  'lulvi^rli, _. 

I'HM  lime  iiiilvi'ili, 

KiiHir.' ItiiK'  mlvi'ilii .  . 



._ t 

-     

""" " 

80 


KIVIHIOX  OK  TIMh^Contlnii.'.l. 


••wrfff*"***' 


■  ■•-■(■•»fp*t1(«**'f*f»«<l**^M>»#-*'IK*«^"' 


>>a^*fW]fe»_»y*f»%»  ■^M?.*fl^**^g»»»'?yBnt»yggM?'^-^t»f>>ff**-'  •  -  ■ 


-  •  •  ««»««« iM«»«*I 


...^..M**M4tal^ 


•»-#!»<»•■»  I 


81 


XXII.-mT.\M*AU1i  n|.   VA1,LK. 

uiif  i,r  iiiiiiiiii  llii!  mii>t  iiii|nirtaiu  »k]iiK  ii*ril  hy  iln'  Imiliiiis  .vcru  uilcii  imipldyi'd  an  Ktaii<liii'il»  of  v>ilin>,  ••»(«i'rlHi;\  ili^  l.<,ivtr  >klii  iml  :!■>• 
Iilicksklii.  slii'lls  Mild  iilhiT  uiliili-  wiirkiil  Inln  ImmiU  ii:iiI  iiiii'li'  Intu  Nlrlii'."  wrri'  nisn  ii>iiil.  In  sum.-  irltifi  •■ii\t\f  I'iMiIiicrs  wiTr  tin'  slm.diinl  nl 
valiii*. 

Till'  I'cillividi'  sliiiiihl  liNriivcr,  i!  po-sllili'.  Miml  slamhirds  nt  viilih'  wiTr  ii«iil.  « ln'Mi'Tniic  or  iimrf.  iiiiil  irlvi'  ii  cli'iirari'.iiini  nl'  ilii'iii.  a1  \t\r  -nuif 
Ulliv  I'lM'ill'tlllllt  llll'  U'lllla  IINvU. 


F:^■l.l.I^lll. 


UKMAHKi. 


-*••»•**#••**•=<*#»•*«;»•*»*•**»•*••••••-•**•••**' 


■  *■>»■■»■■***•■*•» 


«*««•««»»•**«•*»«•»*•« 


**»■*>*•«■■■  ■»"i'"  II ■*! 


«*K*^a>*«a 


i 


■*Amm»**** 


SI 


vf  "'■.  . wpwivwiinniMHi 


S2 


sTAVI.Mtli  iiF  VAI.|-K-r„iitlnii<-,l. 


^*to««B«aBB«W*«*>^|^KH 


^^^ 


XXm.-NKW  WtllUK 


S i;\\   W'l lUDS— Continui>-.l. 


K.Ncil.I.SH. 


lll-.MAKh>.. 


Oun 

Iti.iiircKl 


CillUlll!! 

Itnlli't 

rii|i.  prrru'sloii . 

I'liwJi'r 

llniss 

Cold 

Iron , 

Lenrt - 


lint. 


riip  i)r  iiH 

Nicluii'  or  lu'i  kinlili'f 

Cmit . 


Vent. 


Shirt  .... 

MhoHit  — 
])(x>ts  ..  . 
SIHip«>r)i 


.-llorkilllS't-- - 

Honiiut  .,.,.....— .i..-^™ — 

Hll.l.olle., ... ... 

shiiwt 

pri'i"'-  Kovviii. ..._.. ........ 

Ilnacl ..^...- 

.Miii<-!i,  lililloii 

siii(i«r  . 

Totiiii'i'U  — .............  .. 

\Vl:i>K.v 

riiiu.'i-rliiK  ..... — 

Mirror -. — 


.......  .^ttfpf  .HHHH 


.»....*'. "»«f>»i»    r*** 


»^*«»«*#»»«»»' 


*.«..•. VW**^ 


f  *ii*AM<*«^i«*  ..  • 


85 


SEW  W(iHl>!!T-ii;unlliiuoJ. 


Km. I  isii 


Remahks. 


lU 


•i-2 


|TFV 


86 

XXIV  -^I'lrUAsKS  .\N|)  sKNTKMKs. 

I'riiiiMnni..  lulldllvi'i.  Hilvc'i'li!-.  |iri'|iiii-ltl'iii>i.  ciiajiiiicilniix,  iiiK'tjicilKiis.  ^md  virl^s  mi'  ii>i(l  nrily  ton  lliiiiti  il  fMi  in  iis  ili>tliii't  imii*  of  »| I'li. 

The  ■li'i.'ri'i'  tn  M  hli'li  tin  y  art  illll'rrMillaliil  Is  vitv  uiii'iiuil  iiiiiniiii  llic-  illll'irciit  IaiiuiiiiL'i'>. 

Atlj-rtivi  s  ari'  aiMi  vi'i'li-.,  tliiit  l»,  IMi  y  may  lir  used  wllli  ii  niiiiii  s'lniOy  li>r  ilcsi  ri|iliiiii  or  i|Ual)tii'alli>ii.  and  lli'y  may  ai-n  I"'  iimcI  in  pri'dii'jili' 
»»r  a>*-'t'rl ;  it)  •«Hfli  fi'-  "s  th*'y  iiuiy  l>f'  roniutiaifd  a>  vt-rtt^.     AdJtM'livcs  may  also  la*  tia-oriiuraffd  wtlli  inams. 

it)  si  it  KM  la'oiiniiiis  art-  t'otiial.  Ill  iia»si  lajiutiaut-".  tu  add  11  Ion  in  i!ii-  siiii|iit-  janiiiainr.  iIh-m-  wili  im>  loiiad  an  <  hdMirati  s>  stem  tit  iiifia'ptirati'il 
|ii'i>ii<>iiili>iil  iHiitlfifs;  hIm'Ii  Ilifsf  iiif  iisi(l.  till'  SI  pnrat"  priMiiaiiis  may.  nr  may  nut.  la'  iis,  4I  In  any  iiirtliiiiar  fasi',  hut  tiny  always  exist.  I'lif  |irti- 
iKiiniiial  I  lit  I'll  fit's  ma.t'  lit'  slin|ilf  si  a  1  litis  ri'lirt'st-iiiril  liy  a  slinxlf  Ifiii-r.  nr  tln-y  iiia.\'  I'liiistltiitf  iiiit>  nr  miirt'  atltlllMiial  sv  Ualili's,  aial  iiia,\'  )h-  jiri'llxi'd, 
liillliNt  il.  nr  Inll.si'il.  to  fnrm  a  part  nl  I'lf  wnnl.     .Nmins  may  iiUn  ht'  iisi'tl  as  M-rl-s  aiitl  inniiit.'ali  <l,  lail  sinli  list'  Is  innii'  llmltid. 

Tlii'rt'  ar,'  «iimi'  nilvi'rlis  incd  linlcurnilcntly  nl  mtIis.  Imt  uniti  ailvfrlilal  mi'aiilni!s  mI'i'  lilvfii  liy  llii'  iiiciiriinratlnii  iif  partlcirs  in  tin  virli.  i>r  hy 
llii'  use  iif  '.frlis  vvhliii  t'niitaiii  In  tiifiiisflvfs  alivi-rldal  <|iiallllt'a!iniis;  thi'  illsilni't  atlvi-rl  s  mat  iiNn  ln'  iisi'tl  as  \  'rlis.  In  whli'li  fast'  Ihfy  may  ln' 
ctinjuuatt'tl. 

Sunn'  prt'iHisltlniis  art'  tniinil  as  dlsiliit't  wnrils.  hiit  usually  lln  nlllii'  nl'  Hit'  |iri'|itiKltinii  h-  p.  rfni  iiitti  l>.\  snnn  |iarlli'li'  I'niilaltnil  In  Hit-  vi'rii,  nr 
liiiilii,  and  iillfii  II, I'  viTli  I'lirrli'N  uuli  It  a  iirtpiislliniial  int'iinlim  i'i'i|iilrlm<  a  iioiiii  In  t'timpli'ti'  tin'  >i'iis(>.  Tin'  illstlnil  pri  piiHltlnns  may  alsn  Im>  iimpiI 
H«  \i'rlis,  in  \v tilt' II  rasf  ilu'.\-  nia.v  la-  t'taijiiifalftl. 

l''t  «■  liidi'iii'iuli'iil  I'liti.lui.illniis  ar.'  tniMil ;  parts  ill  si  iiti'iiii'K  art'  usually  Jul  mil  tcim'tliiT,  and  llif  rflalitiii  nrthi'iiaust's  di'li'riiiliicil  liy  liitlitlltmH 
III  lln-  viM'li.  tir  li.\  'lif  iisf  nl  iatiiriitiratid  iflatlvi-  nr  tlflntHiiitrallvi'  pniiiniins.  In  like  maiiiifr,  niily  a  ffW  lntci',|tt'lli»iis  aif  rmiiid,  lait  Vfrlw  tirtoii 
iiiivi'  i'.\<';atnaTiir.\  I'nriiis.  ami  Tlifrt*  an-  nian.\  I'M'l  iiiatnr.\"  phrasi's  and  scnti'iirfs.  Tin'  inifrlfi-lliais,  wliftlifi'  tllstlnri  wtirds  nr  Ini'nrpnrati'il  parlli'luH, 
hiivi"  II Nil  advi'rlilal  ini'iinhiK'-. 

Iiitllan  laiiuuaui's  liavf  an  Vfrli  wlilrli  Is  used  as  '.  I'npiila.  is  Wf  use  tin'  Mrli  '  In  lif"  In  Knullsh.  Niaiiis.  inllti'tlvis,  mlvirlis,  pripnsl  1  Inns,  Ai.,  Halt 
wntlltl  la'  plat'i'il  III  till'  prfdli'ati'arii-r  tlif  vnrli  "In  la-"  In  KiivIImIi,  art'  In  lln-  liitllaii  I'iiikiii-s  iisi'iI  as  vt-rlis  lln'msilviiti;  llify  art'  (irt'dit  "inu,  Unit  U, 
liit'y  partiirm  ilif  mil if  |iri'dltiitlnn.     In  nlitalnliiK  tlif  iilimsi's  ami  siiiicni't's  la  Inw  Mils  iiiiisl  I iistaiiily  ii'int'inlii'i'til. 

In  \  it'W  nf  tlii'st'  int'is.  so  hrli'M.V  siai  ft  I.  It  tloi's  nut  si't'tii  \\  isi'  tn  ulvt'  a  list  tii  wnrtls  in  riifh  nl  tlif  parts  nv  Hpi-fi  li  ntlii'i  tliaii  tlif  mains  alrfaU.y 
glvi'ii,  liut  Inslciid  11  sfrlfs  ni'plinisfs  .iinl  sfiitfiifcs  art'  iirranKfd  la'lnw'.  dfslniK'il  tn  laiim  niil  liiipnrtanl  laflsnl  sirui'tnrf  and  nlitalii  valiialdi'  H'nrds. 

Wliiri'  till  wnnl  .Inliii  and  .laiins  N  iniintl  in  ihf  si  In'diilf  lit'lnw  tin  fnlli'i'tnr  may  iiiiplii.N  any  Indian  nanii'  nl  a  iifi'sini.  In  Iiil'  larilnl  In  fi'iu^f 
the  wni'tl  .Inliii  nr  .Inint-s,  ami  )m«.-rt  thf  Iiiillaii  wnnl  UM'd  In  llif  Knullsli  sf  iiii  inf.  In  tin  saini-  liifMinr,  wlnii  llif  wniil  Waslilnuinii  iiiinrs.  iisf  any 
Itnllan  naiiii'iira  iilai'f.  Iiisfrrlnir  It  in  tlif  Kinillsh  sfiitfiifi . 


ENiit.rsii. 


ItKM.VUKS. 


Two  ilnUs 
Tiirt-f  diws 


P  IRAHK*"  ANIt  rtRNTflNCEM-rontlnae-d. 


K"»<lt.!>l|!. 


Hrmavks. 


Krwili"*.'" 
Miiiiy  ilirif" 
Ml  till'    liiifx 

i  Ml*'  MITOW 


Kf»w  hniK  . 


*in«'  "•»!        . 

Tw'M  lniiv»««    __ 


-I 


Miiiiv  Iriis-iMi _*««.«,>. 

All  ttio  Imtv 


••— S**1«,^*««»»»s«„_»._    . 


■|'w<i  vtnno*  ... 
l>ir^>  *t'iii»*#i  . 


*«^«at**»«i»»« 


i»*-».ii -.--•.-•*•• 


Mill''  ilnan i«,ii-»riiiiiiim(»i»  ifi^>«. 


I*'*'lliuh'  iluu 

Mill**  h«M*N(» 
Mnlt  I'ui      — 


wii^lgf  ^iMfiu  I  hpHi 


-••  .1   •'<fiti,.«iii»i< 


ij  'iriji  :»1»|  I.IIHlllllllWOMMl] 


■irn--rt-tf''-rM''-i-i— im 


'iiU'ii  tiwj  ft»iiiii|iaM*^^ 


I 


\^f 


"^"^mmmmt 


88 


I'llKA^K-  AND  sKNTKNfKK— 1'f.iitimieil. 


Knomhi. 


lU'.MAIIK-. 


.Mall' I 


i*'r'lialr  (Ifi-r. 


Mtilci-iitfli 


Kt'llUhti'  rutflt' 


Tills  iiiiiii. 


Til    I  iimii  . 


TIH»"'  t«<l  llll'tl 
TliOS)'   I  VVi.  lilt   II    . 

TlicM'  nil  II  -.   .- 


Tllll^l-    111!    II    . 


Tlli.-  IVI.III.Ml    , 

Tliiii  wiiiiiiiii  . 


Tlit->»'  r.vii  vvi linen  . 


Tliiifi'  l«ii  wiiiiH' 


TIll'Hf   M'lillli-ll 


TIluM*  ■.Vllllll-ll 


Tliii. 


Thill  I"', 


Till  — -iw. 


TIlllM-   l«.l  llll>> 


'I'ltt'st'  lillVH 

Tims.' liny... . 

TliU.l.i'-'   

Tltjii  iliitf  

Tln-M'  Iwiulni 

TliiiM*  rwii'liii 
'i'lu'Ni'  iliitrs  .. 
Tiin^i'  i|iiif« .lit^iiimm^^-:... 

Thi'^f  iwii  iinr«i:'s . 

Ttio-p  two  horst'S  ._ 

Tlio«o  hoiNcs . 


89 


rilHAHKH  ANI)  HKNTKNCKH-  contlnncd. 


Bnolimii. 

ItRMARKH. 

'I'JlOML-  hOIX'S 

Tills  kiillV 

TIml  knili; 

Tlicsi'  t«i)  kiilvt.'s 

Tllilvc  iwr)  klllvi;, 

Tlii^i'  kiilvi* 

■nii>«ikiilvi'H 

ThI'.  iixp 

Tluil  iixi' „„ 

Tlluvi- tWfUIXCh ., ^ 

Till  ^t>  axes 1 

Tliost'  iixt's ^^,_, __ 

I  iiin  slrlkliii;  v'lU  'With  cliwi-ii  liiiiul  uv  tlst) i 



I  slnirk  villi i 

1 

I  will  striki-  vuu 1 

^*«ni  ai'r  otrlkin.:  Iiif . 

Yiiii  will  -Irlki'inc i 

1  slnirk  liliii 1         -  -- 

I  will  Hiilkililm. 

I  ahi  "trikln^  liiiii    that  i)i>r<>i)iii 

I  striiik  hliii -.,-— 

I  will  sl/lki-  hliii 

Villi  mill  I  iii-i'  siiikliiK  liliii   tills  iiiiMiii, 



,.., -.«i*i4W*i.iiM.»«Ai«*i*a^4*ii« 

Villi  iiiiil  1  -.iiiH-k  liiiii .._ 

You  ami  1  will  tirlki'  liliii 

\Vf  liii>ri'tliaii  two^ai'L' sti'iklii:;  liiiii   that  la-rson).' 

1  ,  .  ■■  ?  ;    ■ 

\Vi'  iiiuiri'  iliaii  two,  will  strlki-  lilin ...i 

Isliurk,\"ii  1      cntiillv -  1 

.IdIui  sti'iii'k  .Iiinios . 

I. 


I'llHAMhX  ANDSKNTBNf  K«-C'ontlnuod. 

1 

K»ut,iail. 

Rbmabiu. 

1  will  strlki'  riivsclf. 

Y<ui  art' ^IrlUiiiK  voiii'Helf  ,  -  .  —„--■-—-.-....,  -  . 

Yim  will  strike  vi)iii>i'll' 

He  i«  ^tilkliiu'  lilinsulf - 

ll>-  striu'k  lilniMHC 

lie  will  KirlUr  liliiiNflf 

I  Wiifc  ■.inirk     .  - - 



Vim  unci  I  wtTP  "truck 

We  were  slriick       ^ 

\iin  wtri'  ^trih'k ,^ _....- 

'liny  wii-c  »tniik     

........  - ...  ......        .-                         .                    t  .........................    .....  .             .      . 

!  am  -ii-lkliis.'  v. .11   with  a  riiili) 

1                                                          

1    

I  *lnirk  \itu , , 

1 

I  wil!  •■irlk'^VMn 

Y(Hi  lire  Mi-lkliiL'  1110 

' 

>'oii  ■»lriu-k  iiK' , 

1 

^  on  will  strike  tiio 

I  mil  «lrlkiiii.' liliii  (tliat  |icr«>M; 

I  «tnick  Mm 

1                                                                                     "■"  "•"" 

1  will  >trlki- lilm     

^  111!  11  ml  1  lire  virlkl  III!  Ill  111    tills  (lerBiin  

^'iMi  unci  I  siruek  lilin     

■S  on  mill  I  will  strike  him 

We  iiiMieiliiiii  twciiire^trlklii^'hliii   that  pi  rsiiti, 

We  iiicire  than  tHii  sniiek  lilin     .....    ... 

We  I  nil  ire  than  twcp,  will  strike  him.. 

Vua    111'. le  than  two  are  striking  lilin 

1 

Viai   more  ihmi  two,  stnii'k  him 

I 

■ion   more  ihati  twoi  will  strike  him 

1  s|ni,.l(  yiiu  rel>ealeill,v_..„..^^„^ 

01 


I'HRAHI'X  AND  HE\TKN('K>*-Cnntliniril. 


KNiii.rHii, 


.Idllll  Ntl'lll'k  .lulllt'M..- 
I   illll   ktl'IkltIK   III.VNt'U. 

I  Klllirk  IllVHi'lf 


I  will  »trlk<!  iii.VMeir, 

Yim  lire  sirlkliiH  yi<tii>rlf 

Von  struck  yoiirsrir _ 

Vol)  will  "Irlkf  yiiursi'lf. 

Ml'  l»  strlkliix  li:iiisi'li  

Mr  .-iriiik  hliiiKcIf 

II. ■  Mill  sirlkr  liliiiMlf.. 

I  WHS  siriick  - ..... 

Villi  niiil  1  MiiT  Kiruck 

W'v  well.-  strilrk-.^ 

Villi  wrnslnick   

They  "'■!■'' ^'riiik 

Iiiiiiklikliinyi.il _._ 

I  ku-kccl  you 

1  will  kirk  you 

Vim  mr  kli  kliiL'  iiir 

^  ou  klrUril  mo 

Von  will  kirk  nil'  . 

I  mil  kick  int.'  Ill  nut  Ills  iktsihh 

I  kk'kiil  lilin 

I  will  kli'k  lilm.. 

I  Hill  kii'kiiiti  lilni  iiiiiii  |ii  rsiiiii 

I  kirki'il  ililil  iij,:i^-a,a- 

I  Mill  kirU  hliii 

Von  mill  I  11  rr  kirkliiu  liiiii  ii  lU  iirrsiiii  i    . 

Vou  mul  I  klrkiil  liliii 

Von  Hii'l  I  win  klik  liliii  

\V(.'  iliiorr  lliiiii  iwo  mr  kirk  Mil!  Ii  I  in   I  his  iirrsmii 

Wr  iliiori' iliiiii  liMii  kii'kril  !.ini 

WiMiiiorr  IliHii  two  will  kli  I-.  Ill  III  .  


ItKMARKH, 


-*iiW*jm»ttiW^*««i^W»w4' 


.-ii 


-^ 


. 


I 


M 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


h 


/, 


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4. 


0    /V"/. 


m 


1.0 


I.I 


|5  0     "^ 


2.5 

2.0 


MUL. 


1.25  II  1.4 


-    6" 


1.6 


oN  ';. 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STKEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  1)580 

(716)  873-4504 


\ 


r\^^ 


■1>^ 


:\ 


\ 


^^j^ 
^ 


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92 


PHIiAWEs  AND  SiiNTENCKS— Continued. 

EMil.Isil, 

llK.MAKKS, 

JIl' i>  ki(/kini;  \uii  iuiil  iiie.._ 

He  kioUcil  you  imcl  mc 

Hi.'  uIII  Ui,.-lv  you  iuul  me 

lit-  is  klcklhL'  lliUl  Uild  IIU: 

llv  klfk.-i!  liiiii  iuid  iiiu 

Ik  will  kick  l.liu  .iiiU  iiH- 

I  kickuil  you  rL'pcakiUy _,. 

Juhn  kifki  'ijiuuo 

I  iiiii  kii.-kjn.:  iiiyscli' _._ 

1  kickLil  niyyell- _ 

I  will  ki.-k  liiy.-L-l! 

Vou  aiv  kickini;  yourx.-!:' 

VllU  kii.kl,ri  VoUl.-L'il 

Vou  will  kiL'k  yuuiM'ir 

He  i«  icickiiiif  liimself..... 

He  kiolie.l  !ii;u>oil- 

He  will  kiel:  hiiii>"lf. 

I  \™s  kiekeil 

You  and  i  were  KiekeU ' 

AVe  were  kiekeil 

Vini  were  kicked. 

They  were  kieked 

He-  is  kiekiiii;  un  .-everul  per-uu.s, 

He  kicked  u>.. 

He  will  kick  us  , 

iie  kieked  Us  repeidedly 

I  iuu  huiiirry 

Vou  aad  i  are  iiutiicry 

We  are  l;uni,'.'y.. 1, 

Vou  are  hiuii-'ry j. 

1 
1 

They  areluuntry j. 

! 

! 

I  was  iiuimry ! 

I  will  lie  l.uuitry ,. 

^8 


PJTRASKf  AND  «KXTKNTF.S-rnn»iniK;d. 


ENfiT.IMH. 


Rkmauk^ 


John  Is  luinaiy 

I  Hill  entliiK  hicad 

Yon  niul  I  are  cutiii!;  lirpud 

We  lire  cntfiiir  brciul • 

You  are  entliis?  bread 

Tliey  are  eatiiii;  bread 

I  was  "-alinu'  breaiL. 

You  and  1  were  eatliiK  bread 

We  were  eatliisi  bread, _ _ _'__ 

Yon  were  eatiinj  liread _ ! 

They  were  eating  bread... ; 

•lohii  Is  ealiiit;  l>reHd 

John  is  ealiiiK  meat \ 

John  is  ealiiit;  iiiusli j 

Jolm  is  entnii;  (Ish 

Jolui  Is  eatint;  souji ._ j 

Tlie  liorse  is  eatliiKeorn j 

The  eow  is  catiiis;  irrass 

Tlie  liird  is  eatint;  eorn 

Tlie  bird  is  eatiiis;  wljeat \ 

1  am  tlilrsty— ; 

I  was  thirsty  _ 

I  will  lie  lliirsty. i 

John  Is  tliirsly. ; 

Tlie  horse  Is  thirsty. _| 

I  am  drinking'  water , 

1  was  driiiklnj;  water... ,__; 

I  will  drink  water „ 

John  Is  drinliintf  water 

The  liorse  is  drInkliiK  water 

The  eat  Is  drinking  water 

The  t\u%  is  ih'inkiiiu  water. 

The  bird  Is  drinkiim  water 


...I 


■'■a 
11 


.  i' 


24 


1/ 


94 


PHRA8£H  AND  SKNTENCKS— Continued. 


K.NGJ.isn. 


I  iiiii  tiilkiiii,' 

1  wiista'.kiiis; 

I  will  tiilU -  — 

Yiiii  were  lu'.king-.. 

He  l.s  tiilkiii!.' 

Jolni  is  talking 

1  atii  rrylDj; 

I  was  crvinir 

]  will  cry 

Yini  were  crying 

He  is  (.■ryliii.'^. 

.loiiii  is  cry  lug  - 

I  am  ^inirini; 

I  was  siiv-'iii'^ 

I  will  sill^' , 

Vini  woi't'  siiiirinji--. 

H<:  is  siiis-'iiii.' 

Jolm  is  sln!{iiiiJ: 

I  aiu  slioutliig 

I  was  -iirmtiii!.' 

]  will  slinut 

Vijii  wi.-ro  slioutiiig 
Ml'  is  slioiuiiiv 

.Iiihll  Is  sllDlltllil;.,. 

!  am  wlilsiuTiasr--- 
I  was  wliispi.-i'liiii-- 

I  will  whisper 

Yi>\i  were  wliisiiiM-i 
He  is  wlli>ipl;rlll(;  -. 
.loliii  1-.  wlii-iierimi 

I  am  laiiL'liiie.' 

I  was  laii'-'liiMij 

I  will  laiisrh  .- 


Remarks. 


95 


PHRAHfB  AND  SENTEXCES-CoiitluUeil. 


Enoi.ish. 


Rbmarks, 


Voii  Wfi'i'  laugliiHK 

He  is  laughing- _ 

■loliii  IK  laushiiiii - 

J  am  sinilliig 

I  was  siiillliig  _ 

I  will  sinile 

Vou  were  smiling - 

He  is  smiling 

Joliii  is  smiling 

I  am  walking 

I  was  walking 

I  will  M-alk 

V'jh  wore  walking-. 

lie  is  walking 

.Icilm  is  walking ., 

Tlieelouil  is  ilrilting  (slowly) 

Tlie  clonil  is  flying  i,rast) 

.Idlin  is  wlilstling--- 

■loim  is  rnnning  -- -- 

.Ii)hn  is  jnmiiing- 

.loini  isjnniping  civcra  lug 

Tlie  liol'se  is  walking. 

Tlie  luasc  is  nmning _ 

Tlie  horse  if.;  jumping  over  a  l)g- 

Tlie  meadow-lark  is  Hying.. 

Tlic  smii5e  Is  erawllng 

Tlie  ll'-li  Is  swimming 

Tlie  dog  Is  iiarkiiig 

The  liorse  is  neiglilng 

The  eag.e  is  sereuming 

Tlie  Irog  is  (■roakiiig 

The  Ijee  is  liumming 

My  horse  is  hlaek 


96 


PHRASES  AND  SENTEN'CKS-fonllimoI. 


E.Mil.ISH. 


Rkmaiiks 


Your  iKiiM'  is  wliitu - -- — 

^'>  '<""'• ''  '"'•^'' -- '--- i- 

i 
V(i\ii'  kiiil'i-  Is  siiuiU 1- 

I 
JIU  kiili'i-  is  sliiiip - - - (. 

jiiiuis  liiiiK-  is  lUii; - - i 

Our  li'ul  is  oid - - - 

Your  li-'iit  is  new    - - 1 

Tlii  ir  It'Ms  mo  sirnill. _ - --  - - |- 

Tlic-ir  li'Mls  ai'v  li  '4<.' — ] 

(.»iir  lioisfs  ari'  lici'i:' --- - - 1- 

Yuur  li'ii'si's  jiro  l'oiio — 1 

Tlii'ir  lioisus  i<rc  '.'oin- - j 

My  iKil  i.-li'VO - - -— -; 

Your  liat  is  lla^rc - - - 

This  is  iij\'  lint - j 

I 
Tliul  is  liis  liat- - - - .1 

Tlifsoart'  my  liorses - - 

Tliesc  art-  your  liorsus _ __ 

Wliosf  oow  is  tliis?. __ _ _ _ — - 

Tiiis  is  liiy  cow - - 

Wlioso  liorso  is  tiiis?_.. --- -  — 

Tliis  is  liis  liorsc — - -- - 

Wlios,/ iloii  !s  liiis? 

Tliisis.Iulin'siloi^ _ -- 

WllOSf  liow  is  tlii   ? - - —  - 

Tliis  is  his  how _.  - - 

Whose  arrow  is  tlii>'.' - - 

Tills  is  my  arrow ,   - 

Whose  liiiiiV  i>  tiiis'.'  - - ---; - — 

This  is  luy  liiiilr - - 

Wliosflmt  is  tliis?. ; -- 

'I'his  is  \our  !iat  - _ , - -— 

I 
Which  is  ymir  hors.? : - 


PHRAHEH  ANU  SENTENOEH-Contliiued. 


English. 

ItKMAItKs. 

M'lik-h  is  lii>  c'Diit?- 

Wlilcli  is  yuur  UilhuV! 

Wlilcli  i»  yuur  luulhui-? 

Wlilcli  Is  yoUiiUluW'.' ... 

Wliu  .stole  liiy  hui'sc'.' 

Juliii  stolL'  my  horsu 

J  h-.nx-  ii  di.y.- , 

Vol!  have  ii  i-lo^' 


iU-  luis  II  lIo^  - 


YoiiaiKl  J  hiivi-  hursL's 
We  have  h<ii'.-es 


lluw  iiuiiiy  lUi^s  have  you? 

lUiw  iiiaoy  horses  have  voir.' I ...  __  i : 

I  " — ■ 

JIow  loaiiy  ari'ows  has  John? I . ^__ 

lie  has  horses. 


They  iiave  horses 

1  havea^un 

We  h.'ive  t;uus 

i  have  a  hal.. 

When  dill  you  eat? ; 

When  did  you  drink?- 

When  will  lie  arrive?. ' 

Where  is  my  whip? , 

Here  is  your  wlilji.. ; 

Where  Is  my  eoat? _ , 

Your  eoat  is  here ..  .                  , 

The  hooU  is  liere. ■     .        . 

'I'lie  1m)oIv  is  there 

Where  is  the  horse? 

Wliere  is  Ihedoi;? 

Where  is  the  loil^e?.. 

1  am  eoid i 

- 1.- 

25 


If 


i%: 


ll 


98 


PHRA8B8  AND  8ENTENCEW— Contlnuetl. 


t.Nt.LISH. 


YiiM  wen.'  culd.- 
IIi-  will  lie  col. I. 


!  Mill  wi 


Vim  were-  wiiriii.- 
lli'  will  be  wariji. 


Remarks. 


I  mil  Kill - 

Y<iu  worctiiU 

Tlie  buy  will  111.'  tiill-- 

TlK.'  irci'  is  tcill 

Till.'  horse  is  liisli 

Til"  house  Is  lii.Ljli 

The  riK-U  is  lil^'h 


The 


Till'  Imi-se  ■;.-  small 

The  hut  is  lnr;;e 

The  hill  is  liiijh 

The  hill  is  low 

The  iiiouiitiilu  is  hliih 

The  inoniilaiii  is  low 

It  rains  now.. 

I;  I'i'iiieil  ye-terilay 

II  will  mill  I'l-iiiori'ow 

It  snows  now 

II  sniiwi'il  yestenlay 

II  will  snow  to-morrow  ..- 

II  hails  now.. 

It  hiill.'d  yestenlay 

Jt  will  hail  to-morrow 

Jt  Is  eohl  now 

It  was  coiil  yestenlay 

11  will  III'  I'olil  to-morrow 

II  Is  warm  now 

It  was  wariii  yi'stir'Iay. .. 


\ 


99 


I'HR.\»ES  AXr>  8ENTENC'E>'-Contlnue<l, 


Ks(;i,i.sH. 


It  will  1m'  wiiriii  li)-ini>i'row 

Thf  nortli  wind  h]inv< 

Tlio  ncirtli  wlml  is  lilowlng  iinw 

The  west  wind  wiix  l>l(iwli)g  yislenlny. 
Tlic  Miiith  wind  will  hlow  tivMinrrow.. 

I  iini  tlii'owingii  sloiH' - 

I  tlii'cwii  stone - 


Remarks. 


I  will  vtii'iiwn  stone. 

How  ninny  st.inesdid  lietlirnw; 

Why  (lid  he  throw  ii  stone? 

I  mn  tlirowing:  11  ehih 

iuh _.. 


I  llll-e 


1  will  ilirow  u  c-Inb _ 

Mow  numy  <'!n*'s  did  lie  tlirnw'.' 

Why  did  lie  throw  a  ehih? , 

He  is  inittln),'  his  hm  on  (lie  t'dilo 

He  will  pnt  Is  hut  on  thetidile _., 

You  will  init  your  lint  on  tlH'IiihIe_ 

I  will  put  my  hut  on  the  tii'ih-.-. 

He  is  jintliie.'  his  hut  under  the  tahle 

He  will  |nit  his  hat  under  tin-  Iiihie 

Yon  will  put  your  lull  uijd''r  the  table.. - 

I  will  put  my  hat  under  the  table.. 

He  is  puttini;  his  i;iiile  in  hN  jioeket 

He  will  put  ills  knife  in  his  pooliet 

You  will  ]nit  your  knife  In  yourpoeket  . 

I  will  pul  my  knife  111  niy  poeket 

The  deer  is  stamiini,'  In  the  bushes 

The  nuai  is  standlni;  on  a  Ion 

The  axe  Is  on  the  ground 

The  whip  :s  under  the  table 

Thi-'  horse  is  on  the  hill 

The  horse  was  on  the  hill 


f 
r. 


100 


PHr<AHK«  AMI  SKNTENCh^-Cnntlnued. 


I  si'C  a  ilriT- 

Ilr  s;i\V  Iwilvi'  (UfV 

Vuii  will  "'i'  twi'lvi'  ilei'i' 

I  lii'iir  111!  liwi  i-i-yiii!.'- 

Jiiliii  lira  I'M  a  ij]an  -hinitliiu 

I  will  ^'o  Ik, 111.- 

Ill'  wi'iil  laaiii  --- - 

1  will  ui,  Ic,  \Vas!iir,t.'t<jn.... 
lU'  went  Ic.  Wa'^hiii'.'loli 


K.N(iI.I«ll. 

Rkmauks. 

Till'  liui'scwill  Immiii  the  hill 

1 
Till'  iiwl  Is  iimli'i'  llif  iiiu'kKlslii ' 

i 

1 

Till' awl  was  untU'i'tlU'  Inick^klii ;  - - , 

Tln'awl  will  Ih'  iin.lor  tht-  liuckskln    --       -       -  -       -  -..      „     

Tile  IfHlL'c  '(irliousf)  WHS  liv  llie  river  'or  creek) 



M'cichI  finals  111  lliv  wulor 



-\  st,,ii,.  ^itiks  III  the  water       _  -        _     .- .      ' - . .    . 

A  u'liii  sinks  111  llie  water 

1  will  '.'ii  1(1  \Vasliiiij.Moii  with  my  Ihtlior. 

I  will  pi  liiiiue  with  .Iciliii 

I  will  ^o  luiiiir  with  my  father 

I  will  v'li  home  hefore  ,f<ilm 

I  will  sro  home  before  my  father 

I  will  '„'o  home  after  John.. 

I  will  '^o  liomr  after  my  father 

I  will  ride  my  horse..- 

l!e  roile  my  horse 

Why  dill  he  iioi  ride  his  horse? 

1  will  ride  liim 

I  will  ridi'  to\\'a,iilii«toii 


lOJ 


^ 


l'iiUA.sK(S  AXlJ  MIi;XTKXl.K.H-(;orillnutil. 


Km.i.wii. 


Tlic  kiilri-  ih  ijicjlvi'ii 

Till.'  iirrmv  1,^  liicikuii ' 

Till'  MuUlir  i«  i)lukl;ll 

Tin-  -liiiiip  1.1  lii'iiki'ii 

Tli<;  Idiillu  iL'lii  wu.-.  Iiruki.'ii , 

Tiir  .-iiiii'  UM>  liruki.ii 

I   «  ill  nll.Jlil  II  (l.M-r  11    1  MT  IllH- 

Tlif  iliiki  uiil  hill'  .Mill  ii  .Mill  kick  iiiiii _, 

I  will  >li'i-|i  11  vi.ii  wli;  lif  siill, , 

I  mil  jiiii.M.\  Immmum- Mill  >lriii-k  iiih > 

I  will  dil  lliillli'  Wlii-li  lll.v   ii(n-i-  i-  railijllt ; 

1  Will  kil!  till'  iiiiiii  Willie, I, h-  lll.v  ii.ii^t. 

The  lioiM'  iliri-w  llii-  lio.v _| 

'I'liiil  liiii'-i'  will  throw  .Mill I 

I   Ulli   ll.ll-  Illl'  ImiM-  Hint  tllll-W  till-  lllllll. I 

Wl.iil   i^  if.'_. 

I 

i 
Will.  i>  U? 1 

Wlin  iili;  tlii-.v:- 

Uliut  1.-.  lliL-  linliii-  1)1  thlr.  .' 

Whiil  Is  tiiut  laiui's  iiniiii.-? 

1  lliiM  il  liiit  oil 

Vim  liiivcii  liiii  111! 

^1)11  liiivf  u  .,liiii  1)11 

llf  liii.s  iiiiin-a.-^iiis  on 

\V.'  live  lit  Wii.-liiiiatoii 

'I'Ih-.v  live  lit  WimliliiulDii.. 

The  si|iiirri-i  livi-s  lii  ii  tii'i.- 

The  bt-ar  !ivi's  in  tin;  VMioil.s ,_ .., 

Ill  willti'l'  the  hi-al'  liVi->  111  a  nivr 

Villi  DiiiilU  111  »lt  diiHii  i)Owiii>f  .vii.i  art' tii'fU... 

I  do  not  lii'lU've  what  hi:  sa.v-* 

I  am  KoliiK  u  liimliiiif  bi'caiisi'  I  am  luiiixi'.y 

I  win  aoa  liniitiiiii  ili'i'i 


ItK.llAHKH, 


If 


102 


I'HItAMKM  AND  SKNTKXf'E«~f'f>«HnuiMl. 


Knc;i,i»ii. 


I  uilln'iii  liuullii;.'  bear 

I  will  noil  liiiiitlii;:  niMilis.. 
I  will  u'oii  liiintliiK  sijulrrcN 

I  will  t'Hii  luintlinj  iiimlls 

I  will  iin  a  hiiiitiiiK  I'liKk's 

Why  iliil  yim  nut  cut? 

Why  illcl  you  not  iliiiilt?  ... 
Wliy  dill  ymi  mil  uo  hoinc? 


RtMAKKH. 


Whv  cllil  von  not  hiiy  ii  hor'^i-  whrii  you  \v<'ri'Mt, 

\S'llHllillL'Ioll? 


Wliy  iliil  yon  init  l'o  honii'  ycsti-nliiy  ?  . 

Wlicii  illil  yon  L'o  home?  _ 

Hf  i'^coininir  home 

Ml'  cuinrlionn' 

Ill'  will  COMIC  home 

Let  him  u'o  iMiiiU" 

lie  nskcrl  mc  to  cut 

I  will  Usli  hllll  to  C!lt 

I  iisUcil  yon  ti>fat - -- 

r  will  n<k  yon  lo  cut - 

I  iim  stiimllnsr  fiii<l  lookinu' -- 

Me  WHS  ^tiinclins.'  ami  looklni;... 

r  am  "itliiii.' ami  eatiiii.' 

He  was  slttim.'  and  catliii.' 

He  was  Mamlimiand  holdlm.' a  iinn... 

HeluldaLMin — . 

lie  |roinled  a  unn 

He  was  stamlimr  and  iiointitiir  a  ij-nn.. 

The  hoy  was  cry inir  and  call nir 

.iolm  is  waliiiii!.' and  whistiimr 


V)^ 


rilUAHKS*  AXn  <*KXTKXfi:«-fon?lnHP<l. 


^ 


^i 


-11 


-  T 

1 


M 


104 


11  E  M  A  J I  K 


In  iihliiin'.na;  tlif-  phrasf-  iuid  sc-iitfiicfsnliovc,  tlie  Htiulont  will  he  Inltutud  liilii  the  ln.-t  inctliod  of  iim>tiM'iii:;  iiii  Indlim  toii^in'.  Tin'  nttciiipt  tii 
leiirn  Iiidinii  \V(ii'd>  mid  llu'ii  to  ciiiistiuct  sciitfiirc-  iVoiii  tlipiii  will  only  rcsuU  in  liuluri-.  I.ciirn  plinix's  iind  miUimici's  first,  iil'tiT  wliicli  yon  nmy 
ciisily  di>uov(-illa-  wc/vdMind  iiiirt>  iVoni  which  thi'v  ni'iconstrui'ti'd.  Thrstudi'nt  has  also  Ifarnud  that  the  Indian  lont,'Ui-'i'onlahis  viiy  I'uw  synonyms 
of  Knijllsh  words,  whii-ii  i.-  al-o  Irnc  lo  an  iiniiortinii  ixtcnt  In  the  more  cultivated  lant;uHi<es  of  the  IndivKnropean  stork;  Imt  the  »tatement  has  a 
nuu'li  wider  .ipjilication  when  we  speak  of  Indian  lun'.'nnaes. 

In  prooi'edinL'  I'nrtiier  with  tiie  study  of  Indian  lainruane-  jiet  words  In  siMs  as  mueh  as  possihie,  but  «et  tlie  sentences  liefore  the  words. 

The  virlis  "to  sfo"  and  "tocome,"  in  ail  their  lorms  and  moililimtions  will  (Constitute  a  valnaliie  contriliution  to  iingulsticN.  (Generally  eueh 
verh  will  lie  rc'presented  liv  a  '^'reat  nnmlier  of  word-;  for  e.xaniiiti ,  tiu'  verh  "lo  ko"  may  he  represented  li.v  one  word  sinnifylni;  to  i£o  lionie.  another 
to  j,'oaway  from  lioiue;  one  to  k"  '""  place  other  t'.ian  home,  anollier  lo^jolroni  a  place  other  tlnin  iioine;  one  to  go  from  ihis  place,  witlanit  reference 
lo  honw;  o:k-  to  '.'o  up,  to  ascend,  another  to  '^i>  dowii.  to  descend;  one  to  );o  around,  and  pi'rhaps  there  will  lie  a  verb  to  t;o  np  a  hill,  anotlier  to  i/o  up 
a  valle.v,  another  to  sro  up  a  river,  >.Vc. 

Purpo'-e  ma.\  be  expressed  in  the  vi-rii,  as  tti  fro  on  a  visit,  to  yo  tor  water,  Ac.,  and  tiie  manner  ina,\'  also  lie  i-xjiresseii,  as  to  tro  on  loot,  to  go  on 
horseliaek.  to  go  in  a  canoe,  .vc.  Distincl  wonls  may  he  used  lor  eacii  of  these  purposes,  or  a  fewer  iiinnlier  used,  and  these  varied  by  incorporated 
jiarticks.  In  like  nianner  111  ■  Knglish  verb  to  lireni;  ina.v  lie  represented  by  several  words,  each  of  wlilch  will  indicate  the  manner  of  jierforiiilnff  the 
act.  (  r  tile  instrmneiit  wit  li  which  11  is  done.  Histii.et  words  may  lie  used,  or  a  coniinon  word  varied  with  incorporated  particle,-.  'I'lie  verb  "lo  strike," 
\(-iiicli  appears  so  oiteii  in  tlieselieduie,  may  be  represeiiled  in  several  wi  fds.  as  a  word  slmii  lying  to  strike  wilii  i  lie  list,  tosirike  witii  a  elub,  it'ieiuh,! 
to  strike  witii  the  oiu-n  hiijid.  'to  slap.  ■  to  strike  wi/n  a  whip,  (to  wliip.l  to  strike  wllii  a  switch,  (to  switcii.i  lo  sirike  with  a  Hal  instrument,  (to  puddle,) 
Ac,  J;c.,  but  there  uiiiy  he  no  word  wliich  signltles  lo  strike  in  general. 

In  tie  plirases  and  sentences  given  above  only  tlie  present,  past,  and  future  tenses  are  calli'd  for.  In  .some  ianunages  there  are  elaliorale  systiins 
of  '.eiisifs,  denoted  liy  Inlleclions;  in  others  tlie  tense-.system,  as  denoted  liy  inllections,  is  simple;  and  inori'  eomiilex  tense  distinctions  are  given  by 
the  Use  of  adverbs. 

There  are  uliou;  five  luunired  Indian  languai^es  spokiMi  in  the  rnited  .-states,  but  only  a  few  nf  tliciii  have  been  carcfnll.v  studied,  and  il  is  no 
easy  l.isic  to  give  all  the  eliaracteristies  even  of  tlicse  languages  which  are  known  ;  lint  certain  general  facts  will  be  observed  In  all,  luimely ; 

The  parts  of  speech  are  nieagerly  ditVerentiaed— tiiat  is,  ■ue  word  may  contain  witliin  Itself  t«ii,  tiiree,  or  more  parts  of  speecli.  .V  noun  with 
its  'lUaliflcaTlons  and  limitations  ma.v  form  hut  one  word;  an  .  liie  verii  wiih  iis  ijualilieatioiis  and  limitations,  with  its  suiijeet,  and  witii  its  lilreei 
and  inillrect  object,  may  be  but  one  word.  Words  may  be  used  now  as  one  part  of  spi'cch,  then  as  a  lolher.  ,\d.|ectlves  may  be  declined  as  ad.|ei.'tives 
or  eon.juguled  a-  verbs. 

liy  t!.e  n~e  of  all  the  other  |iarl~  ot  spei  eh  :  -  verlis  the  copula,  or  iiredicant,  exiuessed  ill  Eii-'li»h  by  the  verb  "to  be,"  iK.'ome-  nnnecess.iry, 
and  --ucli  verbs  are  nol  found. 

Incorporated  particles  are  used  to  a  great  extent  font  variety  of  purjio-ses,  and  especial  l,v  incorporated  pronouns,  tlie  latter  giving  to  many  of  the 
laiiifuaves  winit  iias  been  known  as  a  system  of  "traiisilions."  Tliese  particles  iioint  .ml  Willi  speeiei  care  the  jierson  and  number  iind  other  class 
pei-nllarltles  of  lioih  the  sHiij.-cl  and  object. 

.\s  an  Indian  word  may  be  exceedingly  coiiipi.N  or  synllietic,  containiiii:  in  itself  many  iiarls  ol  speecli,  when  new  Ideas  are  lo  In-  expri'ss-'rl  and 
hence  new  words  coined,  tliese  new  words  may  contain  inaii.v  eii'inents,  so  liiiit  often  '.iieir  words  seeni  to  be  excessivi-ly  eonipounded.  'i'lie  eireum- 
stnuees  under  whic'h  we  study  Indian  laii:.'n':igessei've  to  exaitgerale  tills  cliiiraelerislic.  Willi  theadveni  of  civilized  people  a  mom.'  tiieiii  new  objects 
were  seen,  new  ideas  and  tiio>uht.s  Were  enleriaiia  d,  and  new  words  needed  lor  th  ir  exiiression.  Such  new  words  are  often  loniul  to  be  elaboratel.v 
compounded,  .\jain,  tlie  ini-sionaries  or  leacliers  i  nioiia:  I  lie  Indians,  liavini;  lo  convey  to  tiiein  Idi  as  and  tl'onghts  new  lo  the  Indian  mind,  and  for 
the  expre— ion  o:  ■  hlcli  the  Indians  iiad  no  adei|Uate  words,  were  conipelled  lo  coin  sncli  words,  so  llial  in  many  Indian  lainrua'.'es  tliere  are  wonis 
which  iiave  bcei;  iiiirodueed  inioin:  tiieni  b.\'  missionaries  or  teaciiers  i-oined  from  pre-exist  i  in:  \\ords,  and  these  also  are  often  elaboraiely  compounded. 
•Such  facts  led  the  earlier  si ud.'iils  of  Indian  laimnages  lo  classify  tiiem  as  distinct  from  all  others,  ami  they  were  calleii  miifliitiinilfil. 

•Still  another  eharaeteri-lic  inns  I  be  mentioned.  Indian  languages  are  elaborateiy  in  licet  ed.  N'ouns,  adjectives,  and  adverbs  are  declined,  verbs 
are  eoiijus!. lied,  and  when  dil:erenl  jiarts  of  speecli  enter  Into  one  word  the  dill'erent  meliiods  of  Inllectlon  belonglmr  to  each  apiiear  in  tin-  single 
locution. 

Indian  :(,n^.nages  linn  are  excessi\-el,\'  s;.  ntiiellc.  excessivi'i.v  compouniU-d.  excesslvel.\'  inllecli'd.  nian.v  Incorpoi'atcd  pjirtieles  are  used,  and  there 
is  no  verli  u«ed  Hs  n  copula;  all  of  wliicli  simply  means  that  the  parts  ol  speecli  are  very  iiiiperfeirtly  ilill'erenti.ited.  In  lliise  characicrislics  they 
ditler  not  In  kind,  but  onl.v  li;  degree,  from  the  Ind  i-Knropean  tongues. 


'he  ;>tti-liipt  to 
lii(<li  you  iim.v 
l'i.'\v  i-yiiiiiiynis 
iti'iiii'iit  lins  a 

lll'lis. 

ieiitMuUy  tiui'h 
lionii'.  anolliiT 
hoiil  relireiu'c 

otlKl-   lo  iil)  lip 

1  looi,  to  iio  on 
y  incoi'iioriiteil 
liprfoniilnir  the 
■I'll  "losirlkf." 

C'lUl),  (t"<'ll''>i' 

?nt,^to  padiUc) 

bori'.lu  >iysti.-iiis 
lis  ari'  glvt'ii  l>y 

led,  ami  il  i>  no 

nely: 

,    A  iioim  Willi 

I  with  its  direct 

id  asadji'Clivi-s 

L"-  iiiiin-fi-'ssiii'y, 

( lo  many  oltliu 
and  ollifi'  class 

1-  i'xprcss<-d  iinii 
d.  The  liiTiuii- 
leni  new  olijccts 
J  l)u  eluljui'utely 
n  mind,  and  for 
tluT!'  ari'  words 
ly  i(iin|ioniidi'il. 

'dfclinoil,  vei-ljs 
nr  ill  till'  slnKlc 


!  usfd.and  tlieiT 
ructei-islics  thuy 


